Browsing by Author "Biryomumaisho, Savino"

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    Comparing the toxicity of selected plant extract anthelmintics to levamisole hydrochloride and piperazine citrate in chickens.
    (AOSIS, 2025) Zirintunda, Gerald; Kateregga, John; Nalule, Agnes Sarah; Vudriko, Patrick; Biryomumaisho, Savino; Okwee-Acai, James
    In a controlled experiment, we compared renal-hepatal, haematological and organ histopathology responses in chickens treated with Crude extracts of Capsicum annuum L. and Carica papaya L. to those treated with synthetic anthelmintics. Twenty-one indigenous seven-week-old chickens were fed on Nuvita® feeds Uganda limited and adlib tap municipal water. They were divided into seven groups of three chickens per group. The treatments were; CPLe (Carica papaya L. ethanol extract), CPLa (Carica papaya L. acetone extract), CAFe (Capsicum annuum L. ethanol extract), CAFa (Capsicum annuum L. acetone extract), levamisole, piperazine and phosphate buffered saline (PBS). CPLe, CPLa, CAFe, CAFa were given at a dose of 0.48 g per bird (1.37 g/kg body weight) as determined from a previous in-vitro experiment. Levamisole hydrochloride was given at 25 mg/kg body weight and piperazine citrate at 100 mg/kg body weight. The control group received 0.2% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in PBS. The treatments were individually administered orally and repeated on the second day. The birds were bled and sacrificed one week after treatment. Blood was submitted for haematology and harvesting of serum for renalhepatal function tests. The heart, kidneys and liver were also harvested for histological examinations. CPLe caused significantly raised albumin compared to CAFe (p = 0.02), levamisole caused significantly raised AST compared to CAFe (p = 0.04). All extracts and synthetic anthelmentics increased the number of eosinophils, indicating an increased inflammatory response. CPLa, CAFe, CAFa and levamisole were toxic to the kidneys. All extracts were toxic to the liver except CPLe. Piperazine and levamisole were as well toxic to the liver. Contribution: Plant extracts are not necessarily safer than synthetic anthelmintics and should be used with caution. Keywords: extract; herbal; synthetic; toxicity; eosinophilia; sodium; lesions; kidney; liver.
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    Extracts of Carica papaya L. and Capsicum annuum L. showed comparable efficacy to piperazine citrate and levamisole hydrochloride in treatment of poultry helminths.
    (Springer, 2025) Zirintunda, Gerald; Kateregga, John; Nalule, Sarah; Biryomumaisho, Savino; Omujal, Francis; Okwee‑Acai, James; Vudriko, Patrick
    Background: In rural smallholder poultry production systems, synthetic anthelmintic drugs are considered expensive and, in some instances, ineffective because of anthelmintic resistance. We report on the phytochemical properties and efficacy of crude extracts of Carica papaya L. and Capsicum annuum L. against helminth infections of chickens. The experiments that compared the extract action to piperazine and levamisole were carried out in Soroti District, Eastern Uganda. Method: An experiment was set to evaluate efficacy of crude extracts of C. papaya and C. annuum against natural poultry helminths infections. Commercially available formulations of levamisole and piperazine were used to make a comparative efficacy study. Faecal egg count reduction (FECR) tests were used to measure efficacy of the treatments. Results: On gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of CPLa showed, vitamin C (42%), sterols (13%) and Triterpenoids (6%). CPLe contained lipids (45.04%), pyranones (20.3%), diterpenoids (4.9%), triterpenoids (3.5%), phenolics (3.1%), glycosides (2.2%) and steroids (1.4%). GC–MS analysis of CAFa gave lipids (45.04%), alkanes (27.7%) and alkaloids (8.2%). CAFe showed lipids (50.16%), alkaloids (22.73%), glycosides (3.61%) and pyranones (3.55%). In the in vitro assays, 0.08 g/ml of each of the extracts caused motility inhibition of more than 50% of adult A. galli after 5 h. The ranking of the in vivo average FECR was levamisole hydrochloride>CPLa>CAFa>CAFe>CPLe>piperazine citrate with the percentage reductions of 98.67±2.309, 97.67±2.517, 79.67±1.528, 76.33±1.528, 54.00±2.00, 35.67±2.082, respectively. Conclusion: The GC–MS analysis of the analysed plants shows presence of terpenoids, phenolics and alkaloids which are known for anthelmintic action. All the extracts caused higher FECR than piperazine. The presence of vitamin C in CPLa made it the best extract. Combinations of anthelmintics with vitamin C are recommended and toxicological studies of extracts. Keywords: Capsicum annuum, Carica papaya, Frequency of citation, Gas chromatography, Mass spectrometry, Worms, Vitamin C