Browsing by Author "Miiro, Ashirafu"

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    Electronic wastes in sub-Saharan Africa : a critical review of environmental and health impacts, regulatory responses, and future perspectives.
    (Elsevier Inc., 2025) Ssebugere, Patrick; Miiro, Ashirafu; Matovu, Henry; Odongo, Silver; Kato, Charles Drago; Babirye, Prudence Mary; Nabuuma, Josephine; Sillanpaa¨, Mika; Sifuna, Douglas; Nyakairu, George William
    Recent technological advancements coupled with lax policy regulations have caused increased electronic waste (e-waste) burden in the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), thereby exacerbating the environmental signatures of hazardous substances including contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and toxic metals such as lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd), among others. This review synthesized 62 studies published between 2008 and 2025 to assess the environmental and health risks associated with e-waste disposal in SSA. Pb, Hg, Cd, and brominated flame retardants were the most detected hazardous substances. Near e-waste sites, Pb levels in soil ranged from 120 to 14,000 mg/kg, while Cd reached 6.8 mg/kg in topsoil. Water contamination by Hg near informal processing sites ranged from 0.3 to 2.8 µg/L, exceeding the U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) safety thresholds. Air pollution from open burning releases polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (400–1800 ng/m3), dioxins (3.5–19.2 ng/m3), and volatile metals, worsening the environmental health crisis. Informal recycling practices were the primary source of these pollutants, exposing workers and nearby communities to these toxic substances. This review highlighted significantly elevated health risks, with widespread exceedance of safety thresholds (e.g., blood Pb levels up to 309 µg/dL, compared to CDC reference: 5 µg/dL; Cd up to 8.5 µg/L), leading to cognitive deficits, neurological damage, cancer, and respiratory and reproductive disorders, particularly for the vulnerable populations. Observed trends, gaps in recycling infrastructure and policy underscore the urgent need for improved legislation, formal recycling systems, and public awareness to mitigate health risks in the SSA. Keywords: E-waste, Sub-Saharan Africa, EDCs, Heavy metals, Recycling, Exposure
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    Novel and legacy per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances in major wastewater treatment plants within the Lake Victoria basin, East Africa.
    (Elsevier B.V., 2025) Miiro, Ashirafu; Mubiru, Edward; Odume, Oghenekaro Nelson; Odongo, Silver; Nyakairu, George William; Matovu, Henry; Kato, Charles Drago; Spanik, Ivan; Sillanpää, Mika; Sifuna, Douglas; Khvalbota, Liudmyla; Ssebugere, Patrick
    Over the past two decades, rapid urbanization and industrialization in Uganda have generated wastewater containing emerging contaminants including per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). This study assessed PFASs contamination of wastewater from Bugolobi (Kampala) and Kirinya (Jinja) wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) by analyzing 80 influent and effluent samples for 15 PFASs using LC-MS/MS. We quantified 10 PFASs, with levels ranging from non-detectable (n.d) up to 372.4 ng/L (mean: 20.94 ± 0.42 ng/L). At Bugolobi WWTP, influent levels ranged from n.d to 190.01 ng/L (60.85 ± 1.03 ng/L) while effluents varied from n.d to 372.4 ng/L (237.91 ± 7.06 ng/L). At Kirinya WWTP, influent levels ranged from n.d to 29.37 ng/L (17.58 ± 3.54 ng/L) and effluents up to 30.21 ng/L (7.79 ± 0.85 ng/L). Short-chain PFASs (PFBS, PFBA) were more predominant, suggesting their possible use or degradation of the long-chain PFASs. Total mass loadings were higher at Bugolobi WWTP (5353.56 mg/day), serving the more densely populated Kampala, than at Kirinya WWTP (93.62 mg/day). PFSAs exhibited higher removal (72.45 % Bugolobi; 36.45 % Kirinya) than PFCAs (− 127.38 % Bugolobi; − 20.50 % Kirinya), which could be attributed to their stronger hydrophobic adsorption and partial biodegradation. Bugolobi, with ⁓82.59 % total removal, outperformed Kirinya (~25.19 %) due to its advanced conventional treatment. Ecological risk assessment revealed higher risks at lower trophic levels at Bugolobi compared to Kirinya, likely due to lower influx and partial mitigation by its pond-based system. These findings highlight the role of WWTPs as critical point sources of PFASs, posing ecological risks to aquatic ecosystems. Keywords: Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances, Wastewater treatment plants, Mass loadings, Ecological risks, Lake victoria
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    Organochlorine pesticides in placenta, blood and breast milk of mothers in Uganda : concentrations and health risks to breast fed infants.
    (Elsevier Ltd., 2026) Omoding, Daniel; Nantume, Teddy; Wasswa, John; Odongo, Silver; Kyarimpa, Christine; Karume, Ibrahim; Matovu, Henry; Sillanpa¨a¨, Mika; Kato, Charles Drago; Nabuuma, Josephine; Miiro, Ashirafu; Ssebugere, Patrick
    Exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) remains a major public health concern in low-income countries, where historical usage and poor regulation continue to result in maternal and early-life exposures. This study assessed concentration profiles of selected OCPs, namely; p,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE, o,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD, o,p′-DDD, aldrin, dieldrin, lindane, α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, and endosulfan-sulfate in maternal blood, breast milk, and placenta samples collected from 52 healthy mothers residing in the rural Kanungu District and urban Kampala District in Uganda. Analytical quantification was performed using gas chromatography-electron capture detection (GC-ECD), and compound identity was confirmed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Concentrations of total DDTs (∑DDTs) were 63.0, 27.1, and 35.0 ng g-1 lipid weight (l.w) in blood, breast milk, and placenta, respectively. o,p′-DDE was the predominant metabolite in blood (67% of ∑DDTs), while p,p′-DDE dominated in placenta and milk (34% and 70%, respectively), possibly due to degradation of technical DDT applied in past decades. Other OCPs were generally low (