Department of Animal Production and Management

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3,000 diary farmers to ge livestock handling skills
(Daily Monitor, 2017-10-12) Angurini, Tom Brian
Dairy farmers from south western Uganda can now get answers for livestock related queries through a toll free service that has been launched by Pearl Dairy Farms Limited, the producers of Lato milk.
Anthrax contained in Kween, Arua, Kiruhura
(New Vision, 2018-05-24) Tenywa, Gerald
The three districts that were afflicted by an anthrax outbreak last month have got some relief. Top district officials, including the veterinary doctors and district chairpersons on Tuesday said the situation was under control in their respective areas.
Anzoa is profiting from pigs
(Daily Monitor, 2018-02-10) Okudi, Martin
Clara Anzoa Aya has been recording profits since she ventured into piggery in 2011. She is one of chicken and pork products in west Nile and northern Uganda districts including Moyo, Arua, Adjumani, Gulu, and Lira.
Assessing growth performance of house crickets (acheta domesticus) reared on leucaena leaf meal.
(Busitema University, 2026) Odwongo, Moses
The increasing demand for sustainable and affordable sources of proteins has generated interest in edible insects as an alternative to conventional livestock production. The house cricket (Acheta domesticus) is considered a promising species because of its high nutritional value, efficient feed utilization and low environment requirement. However, the suitability of locally available agro-based substrates for cricket’s remains insufficiently investigated in Uganda. The study evaluated the growth performance and survival of Acheta domesticus reared on maize bran and Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal – based diet at Busitema University Arapai Campus Soroti. The experiment employed completely randomized design comprising three dietary treatments: 100% Maize bran as control (T1), 100%, Leucaena leaf meal (T6), and 50:50 mixture of maize bran and leucaena leaf meal (T11), with three replicates per treatment and 50 crickets per replicate. The results showed that maize bran supported superior cricket performance compared to leucaena-containing diets. Cricket feed 100% maize bran maintained positive weight gain throughout most of the experimental period, whereas those feed 100% Leucaena and the 50:50 maize bran- Leucaena diet exhibited negative weight changes from approximately week 4 onwards. Feed intake was significantly higher in maize bran treatment in most weeks (P < 0.05), while intake in Leucaena- containing treatments remained very low throughout the treatment. Survival also differed significantly among treatments from week 2 onwards. The study concludes that Leucaena leaf meal at 50% and 100% inclusions levels was unsuitable as a sole or a major dietary substrate for Acheta domesticus under the conditions of these experiments. The poor performance was likely associated with low feed acceptance and the presence of ant nutritional Compounds particularly mimosine.
Assessing knowledge of free-range chicken farmers about the control and prevention of NCD in Dokolo District.
(Busitema University, 2026) Adongo, Lucky
Newcastle disease is one of the greatest constraints in chicken keeping in Uganda. Effective prevention and control strategies require that chicken farmers have proper knowledge towards prevention and control of the disease. Therefore, this study assessed the knowledge of chicken farmers in Dokolo district regarding prevention and control of ND. A cross-sectional design was employed to collect data from 189 randomly selected chicken farmers in Dokolo district using a pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire developed on kobo collect. The data was cleaned in Microsoft excel and imported to STATA 17 for analysis using descriptives statistics such as mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage. While Pearson’s Chi-square test was used to assess factors associated with Knowledge (P<0.05). Result shows that 98.9% of the farmers have ever heard about ND and 88.9% did not know what causes the disease. Regrading ND transmission, 98.4% reported that the disease is transmitted through contact with infected chicken and more than 90.0% of the farmers knew sudden death, twisted neck, and green diarrhea as the signs of ND. Moreover, the majority, 80.4% of the study participants had high level of knowledge towards prevention and control of NCD and education level was significantly associated with knowledge of Newcastle Disease prevention and control (χ²=14.6, df=3, p=0.002). In conclusion, this study revealed high knowledge among chicken farmers and that education level of farmers significantly affects farmers’ knowledge. Sustained efforts such as farmer sensitization coupled with farmers supports could help translate knowledge into ND prevention and control practices.
Assessing the growth performance of mealworms reared on maize bran and rice bran.
(Busitema University, 2026) Nsereko, Charles
Mealworm production has potential to utilize locally available agricultural by-products as feed substrates for biomass production which can be used in livestock production for example in swine, poultry and fish production as source of protein replacing scarce soybean and fishmeal. However, limited information is available on the performance of mealworms on common agricultural by-products under local production conditions. This study assessed the growth performance (weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) reared on different substrates in Arapai Sub-county, Soroti District, Eastern Uganda. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used in a ten weeks experimental study conducted to assess the effect of three treatments on larval growth performance. The treatments consisted of 100% maize bran, 100% rice bran and 50:50 mixture of maize bran and rice bran. 150 mealworm larvae were used for every treatment and each treatment had three (3) replicates which were reared under controlled conditions Data were collected weekly and analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SPSS at α=0.05. The results showed that substrate type had no significant effect on feed intake (F (2, 6) = 4.034; P = 0.078), weight gain (F(2,6) = 4.638; P = 0.061), and FCR (F(2,6) = 4.986; P = 0.053). Numerically, T2 recorded the highest feed intake (0.048 g), T3 recorded the highest weight gain (0.010 g), while T1 recorded the lowest FCR (3.26). Feed intake, weight gain and, FCR all varied significantly across weeks. The study concludes that none of the three substrates was statistically superior in overall growth performance. It is recommended that further studies should be done to evaluate the economic suitability of the substrates by relating substrate use to mealworm biomass production and production costs.
Assessment of farmers' knowledge and attitudes towards mealworm procuction and use a protein source in poultry feed In Arapai sub-county.
(Busitema University, 2026) Tibasiima, Florence
This research sought to examine the level of knowledge and attitudes regarding mealworm production and as protein sources in poultry feeding among farmers in Arapai Subcounty, Soroti District, Uganda. The study used a descriptive cross-sectional study design where 378 poultry farmers in the study area were selected. Data were collected using a mixed method, including quantitative data from a structured questionnaire and qualitative data from in-depth interviews. Descriptive analysis and non-parametric tests were used for analyzing quantitative data while thematic analysis was done on qualitative data. Findings from the study revealed that farmers had low knowledge regarding mealworms and production of the same. Specifically, 76.9% of the participants had low knowledge while 18.4% had high knowledge about mealworms. Similarly, 4.7% had moderate knowledge. Most farmers (97.1%) were knowledgeable about the fact that poultry birds eat insects, but only 20.4% were aware of mealworms and even fewer (20.4%) knew that mealworms could be used in poultry feeding as a protein source. However, despite this lack of knowledge, the attitudes of farmers towards mealworms production and usage were fairly positive since 75.3% of farmers had positive attitudes while 18.2% had negative and 6.6% neutral attitudes. Furthermore, 81.0% indicated their willingness to adopt mealworms if trained appropriately. Findings from qualitative data also corroborated these findings. Educational attainment and occupation were significant in knowledge levels while educational attainment and poultry farming experiences were significant in attitudes. The study recommends strengthening farmer sensitisation, practical training and demonstration-based extension, together with access to technical guidance and starter materials.
Assessment of the growth performance of house crickets (acheta domesticus) on sweet potato peelings.
(Busitema University, 2026) Tumwesigye, Travor
House crickets (Acheta domesticus) offer potential as a sustainable protein source. However, limited research has evaluated their performance when reared on locally available agro-based wastes in Uganda. This study assessed the growth, survival, feed conversion and reproductive performance of house crickets fed on three dietary treatments; 100% maize bran (T1), 100% sweet potato peelings (T5) and a 50:50 mixture of maize bran and sweet potato peelings (T10). Weekly measurements included weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), survival, days to first egg laying and egg hatching were also recorded. All raw data was recorded in structured excel sheets, statistical analysis and data visualization were performed using Python. Descriptive statistics were computed for each treatment with a level of significance of 0.005. Significant differences in weekly weight gain among treatments occurred only in Week 4 (P = 0.0003). Crickets fed on maize bran (T1) showed positive weight gains, whereas those on T5 and T10 recorded negative weight changes from Week 6 to Week 8. Feed intake increased across treatments with significant differences only in Week 4 (P = 0.001). Feed Conversion Ratio did not vary significantly from week 1 to 4. Survivability declined progressively, reaching 44.7% (T1), 20.0% (T5), and 27.3% (T10) by Week 8; treatment effects approached significance in the later weeks (P = 0.064-0.071). Diet did not significantly affect reproductive performance, with time to first egg laying ranging from 49.3 to 51.0 days and hatching occurring after 10.7 to 17.7 days. Essentially, maize bran supported better performance than sweet potato peelings, while the mixture produced intermediate results. Although sweet potato peelings are unsuitable as a sole feed substrate, combination with maize bran offers a potentially economical means of utilizing local agro-waste. These findings provide useful guidance for developing affordable locally available feeding strategies for cricket production systems in Uganda.
Bamwine rejects OWC cows.
(New Vision, 2018-05-18) Nambogga, Jackie
The Buikwe resident district commissioner, Fred Bamwine has rejected some of the heifers distributed through Operation Wealth Creation (OWC). He said the Government would be branded liars if the beneficiaries did not receive in-calf heifers.
Beating the quarantine: Why livestock diseases persist
(New Vision, 2018-04-20) Kato, Joshua
Much of the cattle corridor is under a quarantine. This is because oof endless bouts of mainly foot and mouth disease. In a three part series, the origin of the disease will be examined, why it persists and what should be done to get rid of it. In the first part, Joshua Kato examines where foot and mouth disease comes from and why measures to stop it are not bearing fruit.
Border residents appeal for end to cattle rustling
(New Vision, 2018-06-05) Wanyama, Olandason
Border communities on the Uganda-Kenya border have asked both governments of Uganda and Kenya to find an end to the rampant cattle thefts.
Breeding piglets for real wealth.
(Saturday Monitor, 2017-10-21) Batte, R. Edgar
Israel Serunjogi owns Buwanuka Green farm in Gayaza, Wakiso district. It is here that several prospective farmers buy their piglets. Observation and optimism were two reasons that drove Israel Serunjogi to venture into farming. He had been observing his elder brother Enock Mukiibi tend to a small-scale pig farm at home. As Mukiibi set up his piggery, serunjogi was finalising his studies at Makerere University Business School (MUBS) where he pursued a diploma in accounting and finance. This was in 2006.
Challenges faced by cattle traders in selected livestock markets of the Teso sub-region Uganda.
(Busitema Unversity, 2026-09-16) Mangen, Harrison
This study assessed the challenges faced by cattle traders in selected livestock markets of the Teso sub-region, Uganda. Cattle trading is an important economic activity that provides income and employment to traders and other actors along the livestock value chain. However, traders face several challenges that affect the profitability and sustainability of their businesses. The study employed a cross-sectional descriptive research design using a mixed-method approach. Data were collected from cattle traders in four selected livestock markets, namely Arapai, Bukedea, Ocaapa, and Ocorimongin. Quantitative data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The finding revealed that cattle traders faced a range of economic, transportation, animal health, financial, seasonal, and market-related challenges. High taxes and market dues were ranked as the most serious challenge, with an overall mean of 4.28 followed by price fluctuations (4.25), high transportation costs (4.17), and cattle parasites and diseases (4.16). Limited access to credit or capital was ranked fifth (3.75), followed by seasonal changes, drought and feed shortages (3.66), and limited market information (3.48). In terms of reported occurrence, 74.9% of traders identified high taxes and market dues as a challenge, 74.6% reported price fluctuations 69.8% reported high transportation costs, 61.3% reported cattle parasites and diseases and 56.5% reported limited capital. These challenges increased the costs and risks associated with cattle trading and affected traders' ability to make reliable profits. The study concluded that cattle trader in the selected livestock markets experienced significant challenges, particularly high market charges and taxes, unstable cattle prices, high transportation costs and animal health problems. The study recommends strengthening market regulation, reviewing market dues and taxes, improving road and transport infrastructure, enhancing veterinary and disease-control services, increasing access to affordable credit, and providing timely and reliable market information to traders. Solving these challenges would help improve efficiency, profitability and sustainability of cattle marketing in the Teso sub-region.
Comparative study of agro-wastes and agro-byproducts on the growth performance of tenebrio molitor larvae.
(Busitema University, 2026) Bwayo, Abel
The increasing cost and environmental concerns associated with conventional protein sources such as soybean meal and fishmeal have increased interest in sustainable alternatives for animal feeds. This study evaluated the effects of maize bran, banana peels, and their 50:50 mixture on the growth performance of Tenebrio molitor larvae over a 10-week rearing period at Arapai Sub-County, Soroti District, Uganda. Three dietary treatments were evaluated: T1 (100% maize bran), T2 (100% banana peelings), and T3 (50% maize bran + 50% banana peelings). The experiment unutilized and CRD with three replicates per treatment and 50 larvae per replicate, giving 450 larvae in total. Data were collected weekly and analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), repeated-measures (ANOVA), and Tukey's HSD post-hoc test at a (α=0.05). Total feed intake did not differ significantly among treatments (F2,6=1.212, p=0.361), however, total weight gain differed significantly (F2,6 =24.417, p=0.001), with T3 recording the highest mean weight gain (0.562 ± 0.057 g), followed by T1 (0.368 ± 0.044 g) and T2 (0.255 ± 0.061 g). Final individual week-10 weight also differed significantly (F2,6=203.181, p<0.001), with T1 recording the highest final weight (0.203 ± 0.015 g). Feed conversion Efficiency did not differ significantly among treatments (F2,6=4.504, p=0.064), although the weekly treatment-by-time interaction was significant (p=0.023). Specific Growth Rate (SGR) differed significantly among treatments (F2,6=10.381, p=0.011), with T1 recording the highest mean SGR (0.565 ± 0.046). Overall, the findings indicate that dietary substrate influenced mealworm growth performance, although no single substrate was universally superior across all measured indicators. While the 50:50 mixture was optimized cumulative weight gain, maize bran (100% maize bran) maximized final weight and specific growth rate. The findings demonstrate the potential of locally available agro-wastes for sustainable mealworm production suggesting that that substrate choice should be guided by the specific production goals together with feed cost and availability. Further trials with larger sample sizes and longer rearing periods are recommended.
Comparing the toxicity of selected plant extract anthelmintics to levamisole hydrochloride and piperazine citrate in chickens.
(AOSIS, 2025) Zirintunda, Gerald; Kateregga, John; Nalule, Agnes Sarah; Vudriko, Patrick; Biryomumaisho, Savino; Okwee-Acai, James
In a controlled experiment, we compared renal-hepatal, haematological and organ histopathology responses in chickens treated with Crude extracts of Capsicum annuum L. and Carica papaya L. to those treated with synthetic anthelmintics. Twenty-one indigenous seven-week-old chickens were fed on Nuvita® feeds Uganda limited and adlib tap municipal water. They were divided into seven groups of three chickens per group. The treatments were; CPLe (Carica papaya L. ethanol extract), CPLa (Carica papaya L. acetone extract), CAFe (Capsicum annuum L. ethanol extract), CAFa (Capsicum annuum L. acetone extract), levamisole, piperazine and phosphate buffered saline (PBS). CPLe, CPLa, CAFe, CAFa were given at a dose of 0.48 g per bird (1.37 g/kg body weight) as determined from a previous in-vitro experiment. Levamisole hydrochloride was given at 25 mg/kg body weight and piperazine citrate at 100 mg/kg body weight. The control group received 0.2% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in PBS. The treatments were individually administered orally and repeated on the second day. The birds were bled and sacrificed one week after treatment. Blood was submitted for haematology and harvesting of serum for renalhepatal function tests. The heart, kidneys and liver were also harvested for histological examinations. CPLe caused significantly raised albumin compared to CAFe (p = 0.02), levamisole caused significantly raised AST compared to CAFe (p = 0.04). All extracts and synthetic anthelmentics increased the number of eosinophils, indicating an increased inflammatory response. CPLa, CAFe, CAFa and levamisole were toxic to the kidneys. All extracts were toxic to the liver except CPLe. Piperazine and levamisole were as well toxic to the liver. Contribution: Plant extracts are not necessarily safer than synthetic anthelmintics and should be used with caution. Keywords: extract; herbal; synthetic; toxicity; eosinophilia; sodium; lesions; kidney; liver.
Designing a lighting system that is controlled by a remote and uses a low voltage using locally available materials.
(Busitema University, 2026) Okello, Francis
The aim of this study was to design a lighting system that is controlled by a remote and uses a low voltage as low as 5 Volts. In this study, a lighting system that is controlled by a remote was designed using a sensor, resistors, USB socket, remote and LED lamp beads. The band width of the lighting system was measured and found to decrease with increase in distance. These results suggest that the remote would be effective if it is used at a nearby distance with no obstacle.
Determination of growth performance of crickets (acheta domesticus) reared on rice bran substrate.
(Busitema University, 2026) Wepondi, Harbert
Insects, particularly the house cricket (Acheta domesticus), are increasingly recognized as a sustainable and nutritious alternative protein source to address food and nutrition insecurity, with advantages including efficient feed conversion, low resource requirements, and the ability to utilize agro-industrial by-products. Limited information exists on the performance of crickets reared on locally available agro-based substrates in Uganda. This study evaluated the growth performance, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), survival, and maturity of house crickets reared on different agro-based substrates at Busitema University Arapai Campus, Soroti District. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three treatments and three replicates was used: T1 (100% maize bran as control), T2 (100% rice bran), and T7 (50% maize bran + 50% rice bran). Each replicate started with 50 third- to fourth-instar nymphs (total 450 crickets) reared for eight weeks under ambient room conditions (28–31 °C), with pumpkin leaves as a water source. Weekly measurements included body weight gain, feed intake, FCR, survival rate, and reproductive parameters (days to laying and hatching). Results showed that pure rice bran (T2) supported poor performance: weight gain declined and became negative from week 6 (−0.0103 ± 0.0105 g) to week 8 (−0.2637 ± 0.1631 g), with significantly lower total weight gain (3.020 ± 0.846 g) compared to T1 (8.683 ± 0.975 g) and T7 (8.193 ± 0.686 g) (p = 0.0057). Survival at week 8 was lowest in T2 (20.7 ± 3.1%) versus T1 (44.7 ± 3.1%) and T7 (46.7 ± 2.3%) (p < 0.001). The 50:50 blend (T7) achieved the shortest time to laying (43.3 ± 3.8 days; p = 0.019) and overall performance comparable to the maize bran control, while pure rice bran delayed egg hatching (22.7 ± 1.2 days). Feed intake increased with age across treatments, but FCR was less efficient on pure rice bran. In conclusion, 100% rice bran is unsuitable as a sole substrate due to nutritional limitations (high fibre, anti-nutritional factors), leading to reduced growth, survival, and reproductive success. A 50% maize bran + 50% rice bran blend offers a viable, cost-effective alternative that maintains growth and survival while utilizing local agro-waste. These findings support recommendations for blended substrates in smallholder cricket farming to enhance food security and income generation in Soroti District and similar agro-ecological zones.
Determination of growth performance of house crickets (Acheta domesticus) reared on banana peelings.
(Busitema University, 2026) Mwende, Joshua
This study was conducted to determine the growth performance, feed utilization, survival, egg laying and hatching of house crickets (Acheta domesticus) reared on banana substrate. The experiment was carried out at Busitema University, Faculty agriculture and Animal Sciences, Arapai Campus, over a period of eight weeks. Three feeding treatments were used: 100% maize bran (T1), 100% banana peelings (T4), and a mixture of 50% maize bran and 50% banana peelings (T9). The experiment followed a completely randomized design with three replicates per treatment. A total of 450 crickets were used, with 50 crickets stocked in each replicate. Data were collected on weekly weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, survival rate, days to first laying, laying-to-mortality interval and days to egg hatching. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance at a significance level of 5%. The results showed that the type of substrate affected cricket performance. Crickets fed on 100% maize bran recorded the highest total weight gain (8.68 g), the best overall feed conversion ratio (1.03) and the highest survival rate at week eight (44.7%). Banana peeling based diets recorded lower growth and survival, with T9 having the lowest survival rate (27.3%) and the poorest overall FCR (3.01). However, crickets fed on banana peelings reached sexual maturity earlier. The average days to first laying were 49.33 days for maize bran, 46.00 days for banana peelings and 43.00 days for 50:50 (banana and maize bran), with a significant difference among treatments (p = 0.044). Differences in laying-to-mortality interval and days to egg hatching were not statistically significant. The study concludes that maize bran was the most suitable substrate among those tested for producing heavier and more surviving crickets, while banana peelings showed potential for promoting earlier sexual maturity. Banana peelings may therefore be considered as a supplementary feed ingredient, particularly were reducing feed costs and promoting early breeding are important. Further studies should investigate different levels of banana-peeling inclusion, larger numbers of replicates, and the nutritional and economic value of the substrates.
Determination of the survivability of mealworm larvae reared on maize bran, rice bran, brewer’s waste and sweet potato peelings.
(Busitema University, 2026) Emenyu, Thomas
This study determined the survivability of yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae reared on different agricultural and agro-industrial substrates under controlled experimental conditions at the Busitema University Arapai Campus Insect Farming Unit. A completely randomized design was used with seven substrate treatments: 100% maize bran, 100% rice bran, 100% brewer’s waste, 100% sweet potato peelings, and 50:50 mixtures of rice bran, brewer’s waste and sweet potato peelings with maize bran. Each treatment had three replicates, with 50 larvae per replicate, giving 150 larvae per treatment. Larval survival was monitored weekly for 10 weeks. Descriptive statistics and a linear mixed-effects model were used to evaluate treatment, rearing week and treatment-by-week interaction effects. Mean survival across treatments ranged from 89.7% for 100% brewer’s waste to 96.1% for both 100% sweet potato peelings and the 50:50 sweet potato peelings–maize bran mixture. The overall treatment effect was not statistically significant (F(6,14) = 2.50, p = .074), so no single substrate could be declared generally superior on the basis of overall survival. However, rearing week significantly affected survival (F(9,126) = 63.82, p < .001), and the treatment-by-week interaction was also significant (F(54,126) = 3.97, p < .001). In later weeks, the sweet potato–maize mixture showed higher survival than maize bran, while brewer’s waste showed lower survival than maize bran. The study concludes that the tested local materials can support mealworm larval production, with sweet potato peelings and their mixture with maize bran showing promise for further evaluation. Future studies should increase replication, analyze substrate nutrient and moisture composition, and follow larvae through the complete life cycle to distinguish mortality from pupation. The findings are practically useful because they indicate that sweet potato peelings, alone or mixed with maize bran, deserve further testing as locally available mealworm substrates, while brewer’s waste requires closer attention to handling and composition.
Determining livestock keepers' phenotypic preferences and breeding selection criteria used for indigenous livestock in Katakwi and Kotido districts, Uganda.
(Busitema University, 2026) Opio, Simon
This study assessed livestock keepers preferred phenotypic expressions and breeding selection criteria for indigenous livestock under mobile production systems in Katakwi District (Teso sub-region) and Kotido District (Karamoja sub-region), Uganda. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 384 livestock keepers, with 192 respondents from each district. Data were analysed using frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviations, 95% confidence intervals, Welch independent-samples t-tests, Pearson chi-square (χ²) tests, Cramér’s V, weighted rank scores and the Relative Importance Index (RII), with statistical significance assessed at p < .05. Transhumance (48.2%) and nomadism (38.8%) were the dominant production systems. Body size was the highest-rated phenotypic expression (mean = 3.46 ± 0.75; 86.7%, 95% CI: 83.0%–89.8% rated it important/very important), while disease resistance was the highest-ranked breeding-selection criterion (RII = 0.484), followed by body size (RII = 0.452) and fertility (RII = 0.384). Production system was not significantly associated with high importance ratings for any of the seven measured phenotypic expressions (all p > .05), indicating broadly similar preference patterns across transhumant, nomadic and sedentary systems. District differences were observed for horn size rating distributions (χ² = 8.80, p = .032), top-five mention of walking ability (χ² = 7.63, p = .006), market price as a reason for preference (χ² = 4.89, p = .027) and disease as a reported challenge (χ² = 9.78, p = .002). Disease (78.9%), drought (77.6%) and feed shortage (72.1%) were the leading constraints. The study concludes that livestock keepers mainly prioritise adaptive, reproductive and productive traits, while measured phenotype preferences were generally consistent across mobility systems. Community breeding programmes, veterinary services, improved feed and water resources, farmer training and access to suitable breeding males are recommended.

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