Department of Crop Production and Management
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Item Efficacy of Bugatti fungicide on the control of coffee berry disease in arabica coffee grown in mt. Elgon region.(Busitema University, 2026) Ongwali, JacobCoffee Berry Disease (CBD), caused by Colletotrichum kahawae, is one of the major constraints to Arabica coffee production in the highland areas of Uganda, including the Mt. Elgon region. The disease causes premature berry drop, mummification and deterioration of coffee quality, resulting in significant yield losses. This study evaluated the efficacy of Bugati fungicide at different application rates for the management of CBD. It determined its effect on CBD incidence and severity, and coffee yield and bean quality under field conditions in Bulambuli District, Mt. Elgon region. The experiment was conducted during the 2025/26 production season using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and five treatments: untreated control, Bugati at 5 ml/20 L, 10 ml/20 L and 15 ml/20 L of water, and Efficient at 30 ml/20 L as a positive control. Data generated was analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), followed by Fisher’s Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at 5% probability level. The results showed significant differences (P < 0.001) among treatments in CBD incidence, severity, AUDPC, bean quality and yield. Bugati at 15 ml/20 L recorded the lowest CBD incidence (10.07%), berry disease severity (8.71%) and AUDPC (260.33), compared with 37.32%, 22.32% and 485.33, respectively, in the untreated control. Bugati at 15 ml/20 L also recorded the highest marketable berry percentage (95.00%), total fresh weight (3.775 kg), total dry weight (0.774 kg) and yield (1,238.47 kg ha⁻¹). These were comparable with Efficient at 30 ml/20 L that resulted in a yield of 1,177.20 kg ha⁻¹. Disease pressure in terms of AUDPC (r = - 0.866, p= <0.001) and CBD incidence (r = -0.813, p= <0.001). The study showed that Bugati effectively suppressed Coffee Berry Disease and improved coffee yield and bean quality. Bugati at 15 ml/20 L provided the most effective effect on management of the disease and could be recommended. However, further evaluation across different locations and production seasons is recommended before making broader regional recommendation.Item Growth and yield response of different maize varieties to trichos application.(Busitema University, 2026) Ataliba, OliverDegraded soil properties both chemical and physical, high infestation of disease which occurs as a result of using too much synthetic fertilizers like DAP ,NPK ,urea and more others is increasingly become a challenge in crop production.. However, the use of environmental friendly options such as TRICHOS, a bio fertilizers from fungi species around rhizosphere zone of plants roots have been adapted. This study sought to generate information on the efficacy of TRICHOS on growth and yield performance of different varieties of maize including a local variety, longe 10 H (a hybrid), and longe 5 (an OPV). The study examined the effect of different combined formulations of TRICHO that significantly enhanced maize performance when tested on a single variety. The field experiments were under RCBD with factorial arrangement – 3x3x3 (3 replications, 3 maize varieties, 3 treatments). The experiments were conducted for one season at two locations (Arapai in Soroti district and Ikulwe satellite in Mayuge districts). The TRICHOS was applied in the soil at planting, seed coated, and foliar sprayed at active vegetative growth and at booting. The results showed that among growth parameters, Plant height was significantly affected by treatment (P < 0.001). NPK produced the tallest plants, with a mean height of 120.63 cm, compared with 101.87 cm under Combination and 101.61 cm under Control but chlorophlly and yield parameters only Treatment significantly affected ear height, cob weight, 1000-seed 3weight and grain yield, whereas number of cobs per plant was not significantly affected. According to findings ,Trichos enhanced the growth and yield of different maize varieties and could be recommended that integration of Trichos with appropriate nutrient management should be further evaluated in maize production because the Combination treatment showed improved performance over the Control for several growth and yield-related parameters, although NPK generally produced the highest responses. Variety-specific evaluation of Trichos treatments should be undertaken, particularly for traits such as plant height and 1000-seed weight where significant treatment × variety interactions were observed. This would help identify maize varieties that respond most favourably to particular biological treatments. Key words: Trichoderma, biofertilizer, growth, yield, Tricho nutrients .Item Effect of local cassava drying methods on aspergillus contamination and carbohydrate content in masafu subcounty, Busia district.(Busitema University, 2026) Nakato, BeatriceCassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important food-security and income-generating crop in Uganda, but poor post-harvest drying practices can increase fungal contamination and compromise nutritional quality. This study evaluated the effect of locally practiced cassava drying methods on Aspergillus contamination and carbohydrate content in Masafu Subcounty, Busia District, Eastern Uganda. A cross-sectional farmer survey involving 140 cassava farmers was conducted to identify commonly used drying methods, followed by laboratory analysis of cassava dried using the predominant methods. The survey showed that bare-ground drying was the most widely practiced method (64.3%), followed by tarpaulin drying (21.4%) and raised drying racks (10.7%), while roadside drying accounted for 3.6% and was excluded from laboratory analysis. Drying method had a highly significant effect on Aspergillus load (χ² = 34.003, df = 2, p < 0.001), with contamination increasing from raised racks to tarpaulin and finally bare-ground drying. All three methods differed significantly from one another. Raised drying racks achieved a 50.4% reduction in Aspergillus contamination compared with bare-ground drying. Carbohydrate content was also significantly affected by drying method (F = 39.55, df = 2, p < 0.001). Cassava dried on raised racks recorded the highest carbohydrate content (89.83 ± 1.32 mg 100 g⁻¹), followed by tarpaulin drying (68.44 ± 3.67 mg 100 g⁻¹) and bare-ground drying (56.81 ± 2.42 mg 100 g⁻¹); all three means differed significantly according to Tukey's HSD test. The coefficient of variation was 10.44%. Overall, raised drying racks provided the most favourable combination of microbiological safety and carbohydrate retention, whereas bare-ground drying produced the poorest outcomes. Compared with bare-ground drying, raised racks resulted in a reported 36.8% improvement in carbohydrate retention and 50.4% reduction in Aspergillus contamination. Therefore, the study recommends promotion and adoption of raised drying racks as a practical local drying technology for improving the safety and nutritional quality of dried cassava in Masafu Subcounty. Keywords: Cassava, Aspergillus, carbohydrate content, drying methods, raised drying racks, food safety, Masafu Subcounty.Item Efficacy of tobacco and lantana camara leaf powder in the management of cowpea weevil.(Busitema University, 2026) Ochom, StephenSynthetic insecticides commonly applied on stored grains like cowpea against storage pests such as the cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus), which though effective, risks of poisoning of consumers and development of pesticide resistance. This necessitates discovering alternative organic pesticides which are environmentally friendly with low cost, ecologically safer and less toxic to humans. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of leaf powders of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and Lantana camara in controlling C. maculatus in stored cowpea. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. Treatments included three concentrations (5%, 10%, and 15% w/w) of each botanical powder, a combination of the two botanical powders (5% of tobacco and 5% of Lantana camara making up a combination of 10%) and an untreated control. Adult weevil mortality, percentage seed damage, and percentage weight loss were measured over eight weeks of storage. The data were subjected to analysis of variance followed by means separated using Turkeys’ test at a 5% significance level. The results revealed that all botanical treatments caused significantly higher mortality and reduced seed damage and weight loss compared to the untreated control, with efficacy increasing with increase in concentration. Tobacco leaf powder at 15% concentration achieved the highest weevil mortality (52.29%), and the lowest seed damage (1.14%) and weight loss (5.58 %). Lantana camera powder also demonstrated significant insecticidal activity, with its 15 % concentration causing 41.88% weevil mortality. The combination of both powders showed intermediate efficacy. In conclusion, both tobacco and Lantana camera leaf powders are viable bio-pesticides for managing C maculatus in stored cowpea, with tobacco powder at a 15% as the most recommended treatment. The adoption of these botanicals provides smallholder farmers with an affordable, sustainable strategy to reduce post-harvest losses and enhance food security while supporting environmentally friendly storage practices, then further research should focus exploring on the optimum dosage and mixing ratios of and Lantana leaves.Item Effect of organic soil amendments on the performance of pearl millet.(Busitema University, 2026) Lolemunyang, Simon PeterPearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) is an important cereal crop in semi-arid areas, but its productivity is constrained by declining soil fertility, low organic matter and limited use of soil fertility inputs. This study evaluated the effect of organic soil amendments on the growth and yield performance of pearl millet under semi-arid conditions at Arapai, Eastern Uganda. The experiment was conducted using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four treatments replicated four times: control (no amendment), compost manure, goat manure and rice husk. Data were collected on soil properties, growth parameters and yield components, including plant height, number of leaves, tillers, stem diameter, leaf area, productive tillers, panicle length, 1000-seed weight and grain yield. Data were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and treatment means were separated using Fisher’s Least Significant Difference test at the 5% significance level. The results showed that organic amendments significantly influenced pearl millet growth and yield. Rice husk generally recorded the best performance, followed by goat manure, while compost produced intermediate results and the control recorded the lowest performance. Rice husk produced the highest grain yield of approximately 3.10 t ha⁻¹ at Location 1 and 2.84 t ha⁻¹ at Location 2, compared with about 1.92 and 1.78 t ha⁻¹, respectively, under the control. The study concluded that locally available rice husk and goat manure can substantially improve pearl millet growth and productivity under semi-arid conditions. Their use should therefore be promoted as potential components of sustainable soil fertility management, while further multi-season studies are recommended to establish their long-term effects and economic suitabilityItem Effect of mucuna intercropping on striga hermonthica infestation on growth and yield of sorghum in eastern Uganda.(Busitema University, 2026) Eluga, FelixStriga hermonthica is one of the most destructive parasitic weeds limiting sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) production in Sub-Saharan Africa, causing severe yield losses and threatening food security among smallholder farmers. In Uganda, the problem is exacerbated by low soil fertility, limited fertilizer use, and inadequate adoption of integrated Striga management practices. Although Desmodium is widely promoted for Striga suppression, its adoption may be constrained by seed availability and management requirements. Mucuna pruriens, a vigorous nitrogen-fixing legume, has potential to suppress Striga while improving sorghum growth and productivity, but information on its effectiveness under Eastern Ugandan conditions remains limited. This study therefore evaluated the effect of Mucuna pruriens intercropping on Striga hermonthica infestation, sorghum growth and grain yield in Eastern Uganda. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with five treatments and three replications at Busitema University, Arapai Campus, and a farmer field in Amuria District. Treatments comprised Mucuna between one sorghum row (T1), sole sorghum (T2), Mucuna + Desmodium (T3), Desmodium between one sorghum row (T4), and Mucuna between two sorghum rows (T5). Data were collected on Striga infestation, sorghum growth and yield components and analyzed using analysis of variance, with treatment means separated using least significant difference at 5% probability. The results showed significant differences among treatments in Striga incidence and number of Striga plants per quadrat. The highest Striga incidence occurred in the sole sorghum control (35.95%), while Mucuna + Desmodium recorded the lowest (2.43%), followed by T1 (11.13%), T4 (12.65%) and T5 (22.10%). Similarly, Striga count was highest in the control (4.17 plants per quadrat) and lowest under Mucuna + Desmodium (0.73 plants per quadrat). Intercropping significantly influenced sorghum growth, with Mucuna + Desmodium producing the tallest plants (97.74 cm), compared with 74.52 cm under sole sorghum. Grain yield also differed significantly, with Mucuna + Desmodium recording the highest yield of 2.17 t ha⁻¹, followed by Desmodium (1.77 t ha⁻¹), one-row Mucuna (1.45 t ha⁻¹), two-row Mucuna (1.30 t ha⁻¹), and sole sorghum recording the lowest yield (0.97 t ha⁻¹). Overall, Mucuna + Desmodium provided the most effective combination of Striga suppression and improved sorghum productivity. The findings demonstrate the potential of integrating Mucuna with Desmodium as a sustainable strategy for managing Striga and enhancing sorghum production among smallholder farmers in Eastern Uganda.Item Comparison of the economic viability of animal and mechanized power in the production of maize in Katakwi, Uganda.(Busitema University, 2026) Icumar, MosesMaize is an important staple food and source of income for smallholder farmers in Uganda, yet productivity remains low due to delayed land preparation, limited access to mechanization, and continued reliance on animal draught power. This is all because they lack reliable information on their costs, profitability, farm size, land fragmentation, and timeliness of operations. This study compared the economic viability of animal draught power (oxen) and mechanized power (tractors) in maize production among smallholder farmers in Katakwi District, Eastern Uganda. Specifically, it characterized patterns of traction use and compared the profitability of oxen- and tractor-based land preparation. A design cross-sectional survey and descriptive design was employed and data that is primary was collected from 106 farmers of maize using questionnaires that are structured. Data were analyzed using statistics that are descriptive, independent samples t-tests, chi-square tests, binary logistic regression and multiple linear regression in SPSS. The results showed that oxen remained the dominant source of farm power, with 92.5% of farmers using oxen and only 7.5% using tractors. Tractor users cultivated significantly larger maize fields (4.50 acres) than oxen users (2.38 acres), and farm size was the strongest predictor of tractor adoption. Although tractor users recorded higher average maize yields (1,600kgs/acre) and return on investment (147.10%) than oxen users, these differences were not statistically significant on a per-acre basis. However, they achieved higher overall farm profits by cultivating larger areas. The study concludes that tractor power offers no significant profitability advantage over oxen on a per-acre basis but enables farmers to cultivate larger areas and complete field operations on time. Strengthening affordable tractor hire services, expanding agricultural extension, promoting timely land preparation, and improving access to mechanization are recommended to enhance maize productivity and farm incomes in Katakwi District.Item Consumer preference and willingness to pay for orange fleshed sweet potato chapati puree in Soroti city, eastern Uganda.(Busitema University, 2026) Okalebo, StephenVitamin A deficiency remains a public health concern in Uganda, particularly among children and women of reproductive age. Orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) is a crop that is bio-fortified and rich in provitamin A carotenoids but its utilization in commonly consumed foods that are processed remains limited. Incorporating puree of OFSP into chapati provides an opportunity to increase the consumption of OFSP through food that is familiar while creating addition of value and opportunities in the market. This study assessed preferences of consumers and willingness to pay (WTP) for OFSP puree chapati in Soroti City, Eastern Uganda, and identified factors influencing WTP. A cross-sectional descriptive survey design was employed at Busitema University, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Arapai Campus. A total of 208 students and staff were selected using simple random sampling. Using questionnaires that were structured, data was collected and sensory evaluation based on a five-point hedonic scale and SPSS was used in statistics that are descriptive in analyzing data together with ANOVA, Chi-square tests and multiple regression analysis. There was consumer acceptance that was high basing on the findings of OFSP puree chapati with an overall sensory score of mean of 4.45 out of 5 and acceptability overall of 4.68. The uniformity of color recorded a sensory rating that was the highest (4.79) while chewiess and ease of tearing each scored 4.74. There was also high preference with a rating of 53.8% OFSP chapati as “much better” and 45.7% as “better” than the wheat chapati which is convenetional. Overall, 75% were willing to pay, with a mean WTP of UGX 831.2 per chapati. WTP was significantly associated with income, education, sex and selected sensory attributes, particularly taste, softness and overall acceptability. The regression model explained 34.1% of the variation in WTP. The study concludes that OFSP puree can be successfully incorporated into chapati while maintaining high consumer acceptability and preference. OFSP chapati therefore has potential as a value-added food product that can increase OFSP utilization and provide market opportunities for processors and farmers. Consumer awareness, affordability and consistent product quality remain important for commercialization. Further research should involve more diverse consumers, different OFSP varieties and puree inclusion levels, and larger-scale market evaluation.Item Effect of drying techniques on quality of arabica coffee in Elgon region.(Busitema University, 2026) Mutaawe, MouriceCoffee remains the key agricultural product in Uganda's economy and continues to be the primary export item. Even with its economic significance, the crop's productivity and quality remain quite limited. Inadequate post-harvest handling methods significantly lead to a reduction in coffee quality. Nevertheless, insufficient data regarding the impact of drying on quality requires an in-depth investigation. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the influence of different drying techniques on the physical and cup quality attributes of Arabica for improved household income within Elgon region with two specific objectives; i) To assess the effect of various drying techniques on the physical quality attributes of Arabica coffee and ii) to determine the effect of different drying techniques on the cup quality attributes of Arabica coffee. Therefore, this experiment was carried out to determine the effects of drying techniques on quality of Arabica coffee in Bududa district- Elgon region. Accordingly, on-farm processing experiments were conducted at UBORA SPECIALITY CROPS LIMITED laboratory located in Mbale City and Bushika Integrated Area Cooperative in Bududa district from September, 2025 to June, 2026. The study design was completely randomized design CRD with three drying techniques (sun drying, solar drying and mechanical) replicated 3 times giving a total of 9 experimental units. The study indicated that drying technique significantly affected (P < 0.001) the physical and cup quality attributes of Arabica coffee beans. Among the evaluated methods, solar drying produced the best overall physical quality, with higher bean weight (17.4g), better green color (4.6) and improved raw quality (85.5%) compared with sun drying and mechanical drying. The study concludes that solar drying enhanced cup quality by improving acidity, aroma, flavor, body, and overall sensory acceptability, resulting in the highest overall total cup quality score (88. 9%).Thus, promotion and adoption of solar drying technologies among Arabica coffee farmers; coffee farmers and stakeholders because they produced superior physical and cup quality attributes compared with sun drying and mechanical drying.Item Effect of black soldier fly biofertilizer and NPK fertilizer on the performance of maize in Arapai Soroti district and Abizard in Arua district.(Busitema University, 2026) Siraji, AliMaize is one of the global grains third ranked following wheat and rice, which provide food, feed and industrial raw material. Production of maize is mainly affected by pests and diseases, high input costs, changes in prevailing global prices and most importantly declining soil fertility and nutrient depletion. Improved technologies like use of conventional fertilizers have registered minimal success among the rural farming communities due to high prices, inconsistent supply and high rate of adulteration and soil acidification and eutrophication of water streams. Alternatives for nutrient supplementation were being thought of; therefore, this study evaluated the effect of black soldier fly fertilizer and NPK in performance of maize under on-farm conditions in a multilocation trial in Arapai and Abizard. Randomized complete block design was used to lay the experimental plots with four replications. (1) control, (2) combination of BSF 50% N + NPK 50%, (3) sole application of NPK 100% N, (4) sole BSF 100% N and four replications. Our findings showed significant effect in plant height (p < 0.001) in Arapai and Abizard; leaf area (p < 0.001) in both locations, leaf area index was significant (p < 0.001) all locations, stem diameter (p <0.001) and number of leaves (p < 0.043) and grain weight (p < 0.001) and grain yield (p < 0.001), cob length (p < 0.001) and cob diameter (p < 0.001) for combination against other treatments. We conclude that combination performed better than other treatment for all measured parameters except in leaf area where NPK produced larger leaf size. Our results recommend promoting BSF or integration of BSF and NPK to enhance food security and incomes of farmers and above all safeguarding soil health and environmental conservation. Key words: black soldier fly frass fertilizer, soil fertility, grain weight, grain yield, cob lengthItem Influence of storage temperatures on the quality attributes of arabica green coffee beans in Bududa and Mbale districts.(Busitema University, 2026) Musaazi, LawrenceGreen coffee bean quality directly influences its market value and consumer acceptance. The aim of the research was to determine the influence of storage temperatures on the quality attributes of Arabica green coffee beans in the Elgon region. This research was conducted to provide best storage temperatures to eliminate the persistent problem of quality deterioration during storage. The research deign used in this research was the Completely Randomized design using one factor, storage temperature, and five treatments (storage at 10°C, 15° C, 20° C, 25° C and 30°C) storage in peltier refrigerated incubator model Memmert IPP 30 with scale from 0° C to 70° Storage continued for a period of 3 months after which both physical and cup quality levels were determined. The parameters measured were physical quality characteristics (Moisture Content, bean Sizes, 100 Weight, screen size, defects and bulk Density) and sensory characteristics (Acidity, Aromatic intensity, Aromatic quality, Astringency, Body, Bitterness, Flavor, Overall standard) of Arabica coffee. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 5% significance level by using GenStat software 15th version and significance difference data were tested further using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) test to separate the means. The study found that Arabica coffee beans' physical and sensory quality attributes were significantly impacted (P < 0.001) by storage temperatures. On analysis, it was found out that Arabica coffee beans' physical quality attributes were greatly impacted by storage temperature, with 20°C having the best moisture content retention (retained the original 10.5%), maintained good bean size, screen size, low defects, high bulk density and 100 grain weight, it was followed by the control,15°C, followed by 25°C , 10°C and lastly 30°C. Out of all the temperatures tested (10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, and 30°C), analysis statistically showed that storage at 20°C consistently yielded the highest cup quality results of 92.5%,followed by 15° C at 81.6%,then 25° C at 75.7%,10°C at 67.3% while 30°C had the lowest cup quality of 56.6% . In a similar vein, storage at 20°C produced the best sensory quality, with higher ratings for body, bitterness, flavor, overall standard, acidity, astringency, aromatic intensity, and aromatic quality although it showed a decline of 3.1% from the initial cup quality of 95.6 before treatments. Thus, coffee farmers, processing companies, exporters cooperatives, and warehouse operators should invest in temperature-controlled, well-ventilated storage facilities that can maintain stable temperatures around 20°C for better quality preservation to reduce post-harvest losses that occur especially due to poor storage and maintain coffee quality.Item Effects of farm-made biofertilizers on stem borer prevalence, natural enemy dynamics, grain yield and nutritional status of sorghum.(Busitema University, 2026) Sembera, Yoas JamesStem borer (Busseola fusca) infestation and declining soil fertility are major constraints to sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) production among smallholder farmers in eastern Uganda. This study evaluated the agroecological effects of farm-made biofertilizers prepared from cow dung and forest organic matter on stem borer suppression, natural enemy dynamics, grain yield, and grain nutritional quality of sorghum under field conditions in eastern Uganda. A 2 × 4 x 8 split plot experiment arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications was used across the four sorghum-growing districts, Soroti, Amuria, Katakwi, and Pallisa, where the experiments were hosted. Two sorghum varieties (NAROSORG 2 and Edeidei) were evaluated under eight treatment combinations including solid formulation, liquid soil drench, combined formulations, an untreated control, and a mineral fertilizer (DAP) positive control (CD-S, FO-SC, CD-S-L, FO-S-L, CD-L, FO-L, CON, DAP). Data were analysed using Three-way ANOVA in R, with Tukey's HSD test for mean separation at P ≤ 0.05. The combined cow-dung seed coating plus liquid drench treatment (CD-S-L) consistently outperformed other bio-fertilizer treatments. It recorded the lowest stem tunnel length (32.9 cm) and lowest dead-heart incidence (1.86 ± 0.10 dead hearts per plot), representing approximately 20% and 46% reductions relative to the untreated control, respectively. CD-S-L also significantly enhanced natural enemy diversity (Shannon H' = 1.03 ± 0.04), increasing abundance of spiders, ladybird beetles, and tachinid flies. Location significantly influenced sorghum productivity (P < 0.05). Pallisa recorded the highest grain yield (1,891.30 kg ha⁻¹), dry root weight (8.90 g), dry shoot weight (124.02 g), and total dry matter (132.92 g), while Katakwi produced the highest average panicle weight (301.97 g) and 1000-seed weight (18.34 g). Soroti recorded the lowest grain yield (1,630.28 kg ha⁻¹), whereas Amuria had the lowest dry root weight (4.50 g), dry shoot weight (59.25 g), and total dry matter (63.74 g). Grain yield under CD-S-L (2,118.7 kg ha⁻¹) was 64% higher than the untreated control (1,288.9 kg ha⁻¹), and the treatment recorded the highest grain nitrogen (3.3%) and iron (0.031%) concentrations among biofertilizer treatments. These findings demonstrate that farm-made biofertilizers, particularly combined formulations, can simultaneously improve stem borer suppression, natural enemy activity, grain yield, and nutritional quality. Nonetheless, the study spanned one season restricting what can be concluded on long term microbial persistence alongside soil health results. Nonetheless, the combined cow-dung biofertilizer formulation results present a low cost, viable and agroecologically sustainable option for small holder farmers in Uganda to adopt in and replace synthetic inputs to enhance sorghum production.Item The effects of aloe vera concetrations on the root development of slips of Smooth cayene pineapple variety.(Busitema University, 2026) Hasahya, EstherPineapple (Ananas Comosus) is tropical fruit grown by farmers in Uganda, yet it’s a sluggish and poor rooting crop which results in longer rooting days, and mortality. Synthetic auxin IBA encourages roots growth, but unaffordable to farmers. Aloe vera(aloe barbadensis Miller) is a promising natural rooting enhancer whose effect on pineapple slips has not yet been tested the optimum concentration for better roots, therefore various concentrations of the extract on the root development of pineapple slips (var.smooth cayenne) were assessed in this study. The experiment was conducted in a screen house; water, Aloe vera extract at 25%, 50%, 75% and indole-3-butyric acid were the treatments. About 270 slips was used in a CRD and data collected on Days to root emergency, root length, root number, root colour, fresh and dry weight, and slip survival % after 4, 5, 6, and 8WAP. ANOVA and HSD test for mean separation (p<0.05) and Ordinal logistic regression was used in the analysis. Results showed significant effects (p<0.001) treatments of parameters measured. Root length, 50%Aloe vera and IBA had longest roots (15.74± 0.69 and 15.71±0.60cm, respectively) than the control (10.53±0.28cm).While 75% A.V and IBA had shortest days to root emergence (17.08 ± 0.42 and 16.37± 0.35 days, respectively). In comparison to the control (24.87±1.94), the root number was highest in IBA (38.74± 1.70) and 75% Aloe vera (34.39±2.19). Both 50% Aloe vera and IBA had the highest slip survival %( 82.23% and 84.45%, respectively) compared to control (34.43%), and 50% Aloe vera had the highest dry root weight (2.69±0.60g), exceeding IBA (2.20±0.14 g). Root colour (P<0.019) and length (P<0.001) had Significant treatment ×season interactions. These results evidenced the rejection of null hypotheses and adoption of 50% Aloe vera since it offers greatest balance. Future studies should verify these results in field settings across agro-ecological zones and evaluate long-term effects on fruit quality and developmentItem Comparative effects of organic and inorganic seed priming agents on germination, growth and yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.).(Busitema University, 2026) Chemutai, KenethSeed priming is a simple and cost-effective pre-sowing technique that enhances germination and early crop performance, however, comparative information on the effectiveness of locally available organic and inorganic priming agents under Ugandan conditions is limited. This study evaluated the comparative effects of organic and inorganic seed priming agents on the germination, growth, and yield of sunflower. Field experiments were conducted at two locations using a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Six seed priming treatments comprising moringa leaf extract, neem leaf extract, urea, sodium chloride, hydropriming, and an unprimed control were evaluated. Germination characteristics, vegetative growth traits and yield components were measured. Data were subjected to combined analysis of variance and linear mixed-effects models, while Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine relationships between seed yield and selected agronomic traits. Seed priming enhanced germination, vegetative growth, yield attributes, biological yield, harvest index, and seed yield compared to the unprimed control. In general, organic priming agents performed better than the inorganic priming agents across the parameters evaluated. Of the various priming treatments evaluated, moringa leaf extract exhibited the best germination percentage (87.0%), vigour index (1096.71), biological yield (7162.73 kg ha⁻¹), harvest index (0.402) and seed yield (2734.00 kg ha⁻¹) followed by neem leaf extract, while urea and sodium chloride showed intermediate performance. The unprimed control recorded the worst performance. Seed yield had positive correlation with germination percentage, chlorophyll content, leaf area index, plant height, head diameter and thousand-seed weight but negative correlation with mean germination time and days to 50% flowering. From these findings, it is clear that seed priming is an important technique that can be used to improve the establishment, growth and yield of sunflower in Uganda. The organic seed priming, especially with moringa leaf extract, outperformed the inorganic priming agents in all the parameters evaluated and thus represents a cheap, sustainable and readily available technique for sunflower production.Item The efficacy of a charcoal evaporative cooler in reducing post-harvest losses and preserving nutritional quality of okra among smallholder farmers in Arapai, Uganda.(Busitema University, 2026) Okello, CharlesPost-harvest losses of perishable vegetables such as okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) remain a major challenge for smallholder farmers in Uganda's Teso sub-region, where losses are estimated at 30-50%. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a locally constructed charcoal evaporative cooler in reducing post-harvest losses and preserving the nutritional quality of okra. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two treatments (charcoal cooler storage and ambient room storage) and three replications was used over a 14-day storage period. Environmental conditions like temperature, physical quality like weight loss and visual quality together with nutritional quality parameters like the phenolic content, antioxidant activity, chlorophyll content and ascorbic acid concentration was assessed at different intervals using standard methods for analysis. Data was analyzed using linear mixed models and the two way ANOVA with repeated measures at α=0.05. the results obtained indicated that the charcoal cooler reduced the internal temperature significantly with an average of 6.430c with it ranging between 5.01-7.170c compared to ambient conditions (F₁,₃₆ = 2456.78, p < 0.0001), hence keeping the temperature within the cooler in a small range of 20.34-22.020c compared to 24.99-27.920c in the ambient storage conditions. The okra stored in the cooler had lower weight loss of 27.49% compared to the ambient conditions that had 78.51% weight loss by day 14 and remained marketable for 9(nine) more days compared with only 3 (three) days under the ambient storage conditions. Nutritional quality was also better retained in the charcoal cooler: phenolic content (69.7% vs 29.6% at day 12; F₁,₂₀ = 198.45, p < 0.0001), antioxidant activity (76.0% vs 29.2% at day 12; F₁,₂₀ = 278.34, p < 0.0001), total chlorophyll content (65.0% vs 24.0% at day 14; F₁,₂₀ = 187.56, p < 0.0001), and vitamin C content (58.9% vs 14.7% at day 12; F₁,₂₀ = 212.34, p < 0.0001). a strong correlation of (r≥-0.932, p<0.01) was found between the physical and nutritional parameters, implying that weight loss weight reduction may serve as a nondestructive indicator for nutritional quality decline. Therefore the study concluded that a charcoal evaporative cooler is an effective and low cost alternative for reducing post-harvest losses while preserving the nutritional quality of okra. The shelf life was extended from 3 to 9days and in the same way improved the retention of bioactive. Evaporative coolers are suitable for smallholder farmers because of its low cost and availability of raw materials for construction, no electricity is required and its construction and maintains is cheap.Item Effect of fermentation dynamics and honey processing on the physical and sensory profiles of arabica coffee.(Busitema University, 2026) Khaboya, AidahCoffee quality results from the complex interaction of genetic potential, environmental conditions, and post-harvest handling. Among post-harvest factors, fermentation critically influences the physical and sensory attributes of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.). Despite this, the comparative effects of specific fermentation management techniques on final coffee quality remain underexplored. This study evaluated the effects of fermentation dynamics and honey processing on the physical and sensory profile of Arabica coffee sourced from Bududa District, Uganda. A completely randomized design (CRD) with three treatments and three replications was used. Ripe cherries from a single location were harvested, floated for density sorting, and pulped before assignment to one of three treatments: dry fermentation (drained, 48 hours), wet fermentation (submerged, 48 hours), and honey processing (mucilage retained, dried immediately without fermentation).Arabica coffee beans that underwent dry fermentation, wet fermentation, and honey process were cleaned and dried in elevated African drying beds except for the honey process coffee beans that were not cleaned and directly dried. Physical quality attributes tested included moisture content, screen size retention, defects and bean color. Sensory evaluation was done by Certified Q-graders using the Specialty Coffee Association’s standard protocol that evaluates Fragrance/Aroma, Flavor, Body, Acidity, Aftertaste, Sweetness, Clean Cup, and overall Cupping Score. Method of processing had significant impact on the final moisture content (p < 0.001) with honey process having the highest mean value (12.47 %), followed by Wet (11.53%) and Dry Fermentation (11.47%). On the other hand, screen size retention did not show any significant variation among the three treatments (p = 0.222). Total SCA cupping scores ranged between 81.46 and 83.17. Honey process samples achieved a significantly higher overall score (83.17) than Dry (81.46) and Wet Fermentation (81.98) (p < 0.001). Particularly, honey process gave higher attribute scores in Fragrance/Aroma (7.88), Flavor (7.75), Body (7.50) and Aftertaste (7.50). Acidity attribute scores did not have any statistical difference among all the processes(p = 0.213).Honey processing yielded superior overall cup quality, achieving the highest SCA total score and outperforming fermentation methods in key sensory attributes. While physical metrics such as screen retention and acidity were unaffected by the choice of processing, honey processing resulted in a higher final moisture content, emphasizing the necessity for rigorous drying controls to ensure long-term physical and microbial stability. Keywords: Arabica coffee, Post-harvest processing, Honey processing, Fermentation methods, Physical quality, Sensory evaluation, Specialty Coffee Association (SCA).Item Effects of moringa and onion bio extracts on seed germination, growth and yield performance of green pepper.(Busitema University, 2026) Ikawa, MosesGreen pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important vegetable crop in Uganda, contributing to household nutrition and farm income. However, poor and uneven seed germination and slow seedling establishment can reduce crop productivity, particularly among smallholder farmers with limited access to affordable seed-priming technologies. This study evaluated the effects of moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract and onion (Allium cepa) bulb extract as seed-priming agents on germination, growth and yield performance of green pepper, using 0.5% potassium nitrate (KNO₃) as a conventional chemical priming benchmark and unprimed seeds as the control. The experiment was conducted at Busitema University, Arapai Campus, using seven treatments replicated three times. The treatments were unprimed control, 0.5% KNO₃, 10% moringa extract, 5%, 10% and 15% onion extracts, and a combination of 10% onion and 10% moringa extracts. Germination, seedling vigour, vegetative growth, flowering and yield parameters were assessed. Seed priming significantly (P < 0.001) improved the measured germination, growth and yield parameters compared with the unprimed control. The 0.5% KNO₃ treatment performed best overall, recording 93.00% germination, 6.98 days mean germination time, 14.83 cm seedling length, 21.41 cm plant height, 30.68 leaves plant⁻¹, 44.67 days to 50% flowering, 27.47 fruits plant⁻¹ and an estimated yield of 526.67 kg ha⁻¹. The 10% moringa extract ranked second overall, recording 86.00% germination, 8.30 days mean germination time, 13.20 cm seedling length, 20.46 cm plant height, 29.22 leaves plant⁻¹, 24.40 fruits plant⁻¹ and 396.00 kg ha⁻¹ yield. Compared with KNO₃, moringa achieved 92.5% of its germination performance, 95.6% of its plant height and 75.2% of its estimated yield, while increasing yield by 196% relative to the unprimed control. Among the onion treatments, 15% onion extract produced the widest fruits (9.66 cm) and the highest onion-treatment yield (324.50 kg ha⁻¹). The onion–moringa combination produced intermediate performance and did not show a synergistic advantage over moringa alone. The study demonstrated that although 0.5% KNO₃ was the most effective treatment, 10% moringa leaf extract was the most promising bio-extract and substantially improved green pepper performance compared with the unprimed control. Moringa therefore has potential as a locally available and potentially affordable seed-priming option for smallholder farmers. Further studies should compare moringa extract directly with commercial seed-priming products and evaluate different concentrations, priming durations, cultivars, seasons and locations.Item Effect of supplementing cotton husk with eggshell powder and black soldier fly frass on the performance of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus).(Busitema University, 2026) Busobozi, PaulOyster mushroom production provides an opportunity to convert agricultural wastes into nutritious food and income for smallholder farmers. This study evaluated the effect of supplementing cotton husk substrate with eggshell powder and black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) frass on the growth and yield of Pleurotus ostreatus. Oyster mushroom was grown on four substrate treatments cotton husk alone (CH), cotton husk + 5% eggshell powder (CHE), cotton husk + 5% BSFL frass (CHF), and cotton husk + 5% eggshell powder + 5% BSFL frass (CHEF) using a Completely Randomized Design with four treatments and ten replicates. Each experimental unit contained 1.5 kg of substrate and was inoculated with 5% grain spawn (75 g per experimental unit). Data were collected over three harvests on time-based parameters (days to pinning and days to harvest), growth-related characteristics (cap diameter, stipe length and stipe diameter), and yield-related characteristics (number of fruiting bodies, fresh weight, dry weight and biological efficiency). Data were analysed using analysis of variance, Tukey’s HSD test, Poisson generalized linear modelling for count data, and Pearson correlation analysis at the 5% significance level. Supplementation significantly affected days to pinning and days to harvest during the later harvests and significantly influenced cap diameter, stipe length, stipe diameter, number of fruiting bodies, fresh weight, dry weight and biological efficiency. CHEF produced the largest overall cap diameter (11.08 cm), longest stipe length (7.55 cm), greatest fresh weight (0.825 kg/experimental unit), dry weight (0.71 kg), and highest biological efficiency (144.96%). CHF produced the highest overall number of fruiting bodies (1,409), compared with 1,061 under CHEF and 502 under the control. Cotton husk alone recorded the lowest overall fresh weight (2.53 kg), dry weight (0.22 kg), and biological efficiency (40.00%). Correlation analysis showed strong positive associations between cap diameter and fresh weight (r = 0.805), dry weight (r = 0.807), and biological efficiency (r = 0.808), while fresh weight, dry weight and BE were almost perfectly correlated. The study concludes that combining eggshell powder and BSFL frass provides the most effective supplementation strategy for improving the productivity and biological efficiency of cotton-husk-based cultivation of P. ostreatus. Key words: Oyster mushroom, substrate, eggshell powder, BSFL frass, Biological Efficiency.Item Efficacy of botanical extracts seed priming on germination, growth and yield performance of red amaranth (amaranthus cruentus).(Busitema University, 2026) Tizoomu, IvanRed amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) is an important leafy vegetable valued for its short production cycle, nutritional value and adaptability. However, poor and uneven germination and weak seedling establishment reduce productivity. This study evaluated the efficacy of botanical seed-priming extracts of Moringa oleifera, Azadirachta indica and Carica papaya on germination, seedling vigor, growth and yield of red amaranth. Germination percentage, mean germination time, seedling vigor, vegetative growth and yield were assessed under laboratory, screen-house and open-field conditions. The results showed that Moringa oleifera produced the highest germination percentage (88.00%), followed by neem (79.50%), papaya (74.75%), water (65.00%) and unprimed seed (44.25%). Moringa also recorded the shortest mean germination time (6.54 days) and the highest seedling vigor index (576.40), while unprimed seeds recorded the longest germination time (14.29 days) and lowest vigor (94.10). The superior germination and vigor obtained from moringa indicate that it was the most effective treatment for improving early seed performance. The positive effects of priming continued into vegetative growth and yield. Moringa-treated plants generally recorded the highest agronomic traits including plant height, leaf number, stem diameter, chlorophyll content and leaf area index. Relatedly in the screen-house , moringa produced the highest yield (5.12 t ha⁻¹), followed by Azadirachta indica (4.16 t ha⁻¹), papaya (3.26 t ha⁻¹), water (1.73 t ha⁻¹) and unprimed seed (1.08 t ha⁻¹). Under field conditions, moringa again recorded the highest yield (5.29 t ha⁻¹), followed by neem (3.97 t ha⁻¹), papaya (2.86 t ha⁻¹), water (1.70 t ha⁻¹) and unprimed seed (1.25 t ha⁻¹). The study concludes that botanical seed priming can improve growth and development of red amaranth, with moringa leaf extract being the most effective treatment, followed by neem and papaya.Item Occurrence of rice blast disease in major rice growing districts in eastern and nortern Uganda.(Busitema University, 2026) Odeke, DanielRice blast disease, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, remains one of the most destructive constraints to rice production in Uganda, particularly among smallholder farmers. This study assessed the occurrence of rice blast disease in major rice-growing districts of Eastern and Northern Uganda by examining farmers' knowledge, attitudes and management practices, and determining disease incidence and severity across different rice ecologies. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among 118 smallholder rice farmers in Pallisa, Tororo, Namutumba, Serere, Iganga, Kaberamaido, Nwoya and Lira districts. Through the utilization of questionnaires that were structured and field assessments that used a W-pattern of sampling as well as a severity scale of disease, data was collected. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, ANCOVA, generalized linear model and correlation analyses were conducted at a significance level of 5% using SPSS. From the findings, 72.9% of farmers could identify the symptoms of blast but 33.1% had received training that is formal about managing diseases. 89.8% of the respondents reported that every season, rice blast occurs. The dominant ecology in production was rain fed lowland (51.7%) which recorded the highest incidence mean of blast (35.1%) with a score of severity of 5.38. The lowest incidence was recorded in irrigated lowland (23.4%). Among the ecologies, blast incidence was significantly different (p=0.002p=0.002p=0.002) and districts (p<0.001p<0.001p<0.001). Iganga recorded the highest incidence (47.7%) while Lira recorded the lowest (15.2%). The incidence of blast was significantly affected by the ecological conditions and the variety of rice. The application rate of nitrogen on the other hand was not a significant predictor after adjustment. In conclusion, the study reports that rice blast remains widely spread in Eastern and Northern Uganda with occurrence of disease being strongly influenced by the ecological of rice and choice of the variety. Recommendations from this study include occurrence of extension strengthening, resistant variety promotion and improvement of productivity of rice among the smallholder farmers.