Department of Crop Production and Management
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Item Relative tolerance of eight cowpea varieties to infestation and damage by cowpea weevil, callosobruchus maculatus.(Busitema University, 2026) Isabirye, KizitoCowpea (Vigna unguiculata L) is an important grain legume in sub-Saharan Africa and a major source of proteins, vitamins, and minerals. In Uganda, its production and storage is greatly affected by the cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus), which can cause severe grain loss and damage. This study evaluated the relative tolerance of eight cowpea varieties (NARO COWPEA series, SECOW 3B, and SECOW 2W) to infestation and damage by Callosobruchus maculatus, under controlled laboratory conditions at Busitema university. The experiment used a completely randomized design (CRD) with nine replications, with 100 seeds per replicate infested with 15 adult cowpea weevils. Data were collected on oviposition, incubation and development period, F1 adult emergence, susceptibility index, weight loss, seed damage, and seed coat texture. Analysis of variance and Tukey’s HSD post-hoc test at P <0.05 showed significant differences among varieties. NARO COWPEA 4, 5, and 2 showed highest tolerance, with low adult emergence and seed damage, while NARO COWPEA 3, 1, and SECOW 3B where the most susceptible to weevil damage. NARO COWPEA 6 also recorded low weight loss. The rough seed coat of NARO COWPEA 4 and 5 appeared to contribute to resistance while low adult emergence in NARO COWPEA 4 despite high oviposition suggests antibiosis. Overall, NARO COWPEA 4, 5, and 2 are recommended for storage and as a useful genetic resource in breeding programs. There adoption will reduce postharvest losses, improve food security and reduce dependence on synthetic insecticides. Further studies should investigate the biochemical mechanisms of tolerance of NARO COWPEA 4, 5, and 2 to the cowpea weevil and farmers should integrate these tolerant varieties with proper postharvest handling practices such as proper drying and hermetic storage technologies for a holistic Callosobruchus maculatus pest management in Uganda.Item Effect of postharvest processing methods on the bean quality of arabica coffee grown in the Elgon region.(Busitema University, 2026) Gimeyi, DamascoCoffee quality is an important determinant of market value, consumer acceptance, and competitiveness in specialty coffee markets. The way Arabica coffee is processed can substantially influence the physical and sensory attributes on the coffee quality, while growing altitude may further play a great source of variation in the bean quality. This study evaluated the effect of postharvest processing methods on the physical and cup quality of Arabica coffee grown in the Elgon region of Uganda. Specifically, the study determined the effects of wet and dry processing on physical and cup quality characteristics. Coffee cherries were collected from various altitude categories in the Elgon region and processed using wet and dry methods in a factorial experimental arrangement with three replications. Physical quality was evaluated based on moisture content, screen size, 1000-bean weight, bean density, broken beans and green bean colour, while cup quality was assessed using sensory attributes including acidity, aromatic intensity, aromatic quality, astringency, bitterness, body, flavour, overall standard and overall cup quality. Data were analysed using analysis of variance, and treatment means were compared at the 5% significance level. Postharvest processing significantly affected all measured physical quality parameters (P < 0.001) and all evaluated cup-quality attributes, while altitude significantly influenced the physical characteristics and most sensory attributes. Wet processing produced lower moisture content (11.2%) than dry processing (12.3%), higher screen size (75% versus 65%), greater bean density (0.70 versus 0.65 g cm⁻³), fewer broken beans (3.7% versus 4.9%) and better green bean colour scores (4.0 versus 3.3). Dry processing, however, produced a higher 1000-bean weight (166.0 versus 153.2 g). Wet processing also produced higher scores for acidity (7.8 versus 6.5), aromatic intensity (3.9 versus 3.1), aromatic quality (4.1 versus 3.3), astringency (3.8 versus 3.0), bitterness (3.7 versus 2.9), body (3.5 versus 2.8), flavour (8.2 versus 6.8), overall standard (8.0 versus 6.8) and overall cup quality (84.2 versus 69.6). The study concludes that wet processing produced the most favourable overall physical and cup-quality profile of Arabica coffee grown in the Elgon region, despite dry processing producing greater 1000-bean weight. Future studies should evaluate fermentation duration, drying techniques, and storage conditions to further optimize coffee quality across different altitudes.Item Effectiveness of tied ridges on the growth and yield perfoemance of upland rice in Soroti and Dokolo districts.(Busitema University, 2026) Ocan, BenzaminRice farming plays a growing role in Uganda's food security and rural livelihoods, yet upland rice yields under rain-fed conditions remain limited by unpredictable rainfall and moisture stress. This study assessed how effectively tied ridges conserve water and enhance the growth and yield of upland rice in Soroti and Dokolo districts. A Randomized Complete Block Design with four replicates was used to compare four treatments: tied ridges at 10–15 cm (T1), 20–25 cm (T2), and 30–35 cm (T3), against conventional flat planting (T4). NERICA 4 rice was cultivated under consistent management practices, and growth indicators leaf area index, leaf count, plant height, and tiller number were recorded together with yield components and total grain yield. Data were analyzed using ANOVA in R-Studio, with mean separation via LSD at the 5% significance level. Results showed that tied ridging significantly influenced all measured growth parameters (P<0.001). The 10–15 cm treatment consistently performed best, producing the highest leaf area index (2.94), leaf number (19.91leaves/plant), plant height (77.05 cm), and tiller count (8.88 tillers/plant). This same treatment also led in yield outcomes, achieving the greatest grain yield (4.27 t/ha), compared to 3.85 t/ha (T2), 3.05 t/ha (T3), and 2.92 t/ha (T4) representing about a 46.5% yield increase over flat planting. It likewise produced the longest panicles (24.45 cm), highest panicle number (5.25), greatest straw yield (5.57 t/ha), and heaviest thousand-grain weight (28.45 g). These findings indicate that moderate tied ridging, particularly at 10–15 cm, is an effective water- and soil-conservation strategy for rain-fed upland rice in the study area, warranting promotion through extension services. Further research across seasons, soils, and rainfall conditions, along with economic analysis, is recommended.Item Assessing growth performance of nile tilapia (oreochromis niloticus) raised with maize brand mixed with termites (macroterms bellicosus) in pond culture.(Busitema University, 2026) Oniro, BenardNile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is an important cultured fish species because of its fast growth, adaptability and contribution to food security and household income. However, the high cost of fish feed remains a major constraint to profitable aquaculture production. This study evaluated the effect of integrating termite meal (Macrotermes bellicosus) with maize bran on the growth performance, and economic performance of Nile tilapia. Three dietary treatments were evaluated: maize bran only, a mixture of maize bran + termite meal at a ratio of 1:1(5kg of maize bran+ 5kg of termite meal) and termite meal only. The feeding trial lasted 90 days. Growth performance was assessed using final body weight, weight gain and specific growth rate, while Economic performance was assessed using feed cost, revenue, net return and benefit-cost ratio. The results showed that the mixture of maize bran plus termite meal at a ratio of one to one (5kg of maize bran+5kg of termite meal diet yielded significantly superior growth performance, with the highest final body weight, weight gain and specific growth rate. Economically, the 100% maize bran diet had the lowest feed cost and the highest benefit-cost ratio, whereas the 5kg of maize bran + 5kg termite meal diet (a ratio of one-to-one nutritive dietary balance) generated the highest net return per fish. Overall, mixing M. bellicosus meal with maize bran improved growth and feed conversion compared with maize bran alone and termite alone and provided a favorable balance between biological performance and economic return. By providing an appropriate balance of nutrients and carbon, termites and maize bran enhance macro-microbial acceleration that provide natural food production to Nile tilapia, as such nutrient utilization by Nile tilapia is efficiently balanced resulted into increased body weight and reduced production cost. The maize bran + termite meal diet is therefore a promising alternative feeding option for Nile tilapia production under the conditions of the study.Item Effects of black soldier fly (hermetia illucens) frass on growth and yield of green pepper (capscum annum).(Busitema University, 2026) Elumu, JeremiahGreen pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important horticultural crop that contributes to household nutrition, income generation, and livelihoods. However, its production is constrained by declining soil fertility, high costs of inorganic fertilizers, and limited access to sustainable nutrient-management options. Black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) frass has emerged as a promising organic fertilizer because it contains plant nutrients and organic matter and provides an opportunity for recycling organic wastes into useful agricultural inputs. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of BSF frass on the growth and yield of green pepper. The study was conducted at Arapai Campus Farm, Busitema University, and in Amuria District, Eastern Uganda. A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used to evaluate six fertilizer treatments comprising 227.27g/plant frass (8.33t/ha), 454.55g/plant frass (16.67t/ha), 681.82g/ha frass (25t/ha), farmyard manure (FYM), NPK fertilizer 3g/plant (100kg/ha), and an unfertilized control. Data were collected on vegetative growth parameters, including leaf area index, number of leaves, number of branches, plant height, and stem diameter, as well as yield components including number of fruits, fruit weight, and total fruit yield. The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and treatment means were compared at the 5% significance level. The results showed that fertilizer treatments significantly (P < 0.05) influenced the growth and yield of green pepper. NPK consistently produced the highest vegetative growth, followed by 681.82g/plant frass, while the unfertilized control generally recorded the lowest growth. A similar trend was observed for yield components, with NPK producing the highest number of fruits, fruit weight, and total yield, followed by 681.82g/plant frass. The 227.27g/plant frass and 454.55g/plant frass treatments generally produced intermediate responses, while farmyard manure also improved crop performance compared with the unfertilized control. The study concluded that fertilizer application improved the growth and yield of green pepper compared with the unfertilized control. The study recommended the use of 681.82g/plant (25t/ha) BSF frass as the most promising rate among the BSF frass rates evaluated, while recognizing that NPK produced the strongest overall response under the conditions of the study.Item Efficacy of trichos formulation in controlling fall army worm and stalk borer in maize.(Busitema University, 2025) Agenorwot, Sharon DollyThe fall armyworm and maize stalk borer cause billions of dollars' worth of losses annually, posing significant agricultural challenges on a global scale. To control these losses, synthetic insecticides are frequently used which, are harmful to non-targeted organisms in the ecosystem and trigger emergence of insecticide resistance; creating a need for environmentally benign techniques such as biological control techniques. In this study evaluated the field performance of TRICHOS® in multiple formulations (seed coating, soil application, foliar spray, and their combination) against fall armyworm and stalk borer in maize. Under replicated field trials, we measured egg mass counts, larval abundance, feeding damage (on stems and ears), larval mortality, and yield gains. All individual TRICHOS® formulations significantly (p < 0.001) suppressed pest incidence and damage relative to untreated controls. The combined application (seed coat + soil + foliar) produced the strongest suppression and yielded an 88.9 % increase in maize output over untreated plots, indicating synergistic effects. Treated plots consistently showed lower egg mass density, reduced larval populations, reduced feeding damage, and increased pest mortality. These results demonstrate that integrated TRICHOS treatments can effectively mitigate S. frugiperda and stalk borer pressure while enhancing yield, and thus represent a promising component of sustainable pest management in maize agroecosystems.Item Post harvest fish losses along small-scale fisheries value chain : a case study of Kwera lake shore, Dokolo district.(Busitema University, 2025) Enyenu, JaspherSmall-scale fisheries in developing nations are essential for supporting food security, livelihoods, poverty alleviation, and community advancement in rural areas. However, fish spoils rapidly and needs appropriate treatment promptly after being caught. Spoilage after harvest leads to potential financial losses for key individuals in the fishing sector, including fishers, sellers, merchants, processors, and others participating in related support activities. This research evaluates postharvest fish spoilage among small-scale fishing communities on the shores of Lake Kwera in Dokolo District. The study used cross sectional survey where Qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection were used. A total of 100 respondent was interviewed from different landing site along the Kwera lakeshore region. Study targeted fisher men, fish traders, transporters and small scale fish processers. The findings from the study revealed enormous postharvest losses experienced along the fish value chain in Kwera. The major kinds of PHFL were rotting (87%), squashing (83%), and moldiness (67%).The major cause of these losses are high ambient temperatures in the boat for many hours without ice with (55%) as experience by fisher folk, poor road infrastructure (94%) and unreliable transportation (89%) experience by transporters, low market prices (83%) experience by fish traders in the market, poor packaging during and after harvesting (76%) and inadequate processing methods (49%) experience by processers. The study also found that quality losses (88%) were the most significant, followed by economic (65%) and physical losses (41%), with an overall quantitative loss of 71%. To address these challenges, a multifaceted approach is recommended by focusing on improving transport logistics, enhancing road infrastructure, increasing market access, providing education and training, investing in cold storage facilities, and advancing fish processing and packaging technologies. These measures aim to reduce PHFL and support the sustainability of small-scale fisheries.Item Effect of black soldier fly larvae frass on growth and yield of Bambara nut.(Busitema University, 2025) Aliku, Moses, CharlesThe Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L.) is a resilient crop that can withstand dry conditions and offers valuable nutrients. indigenous African legume, yet its production in Bambara nut production in Uganda is hampered by inadequate soil quality and a lack of agricultural research. This research examined the impact of black soldier fly frass (BSFF) fertilizer on the growth and yield of Bambara nuts in Eastern Uganda. The study was carried out at the Arapai Campus of Busitema University. (Soroti District), and NaSARRI (Serere District Employing a fully randomized block arrangement, we will examine five different interventions: 5 kg, 10 kg, and 15 kg BSFF, 1 kg NPK fertilizer, and a control, each replicated three times. Measured growth parameters consisted Height of the plant, leaf area, and leaf area index, whereas yield parameters comprised biomass, pod count and weight, harvest index, and weight of 100 seeds. Findings indicated extremely significant variations (p <0.001) across treatments. The 15 kg BSFF (T3) and NPK (T5) treatments yielded the highest values for most measures, whereas the control (T4) showed the lowest. Correlation analysis showed substantial positive connections between growth and yield traits, indicating that vegetative vigor had a direct impact on productivity. The results indicate that BSFF, an eco-friendly and nutrient-dense organic fertilizer, can offer a sustainable substitute for synthetic fertilizers by enhancing the growth, yield, and soil fertility of Bambara nuts. It is thus advisable to apply 5–10 t ha−1 of BSFF to improve sustainable Bambara nut cultivation in Uganda.Item Evaluation of yield performance of advanced sesame genotypes in northern and eastern Uganda.(Busitema University, 2025) Omara, BrianSesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of Uganda’s most important oilseed crops, widely cultivated by smallholder farmers, particularly in the Northern and Eastern regions. The crop contributes significantly to household income, nutrition, and export earnings. However, national sesame productivity remains low, averaging below 600 kg ha−1, largely due to the continued use of unimproved landraces, limited access to improved seed, and variable climatic and soil conditions across production zones. The study evaluated the yield performance and stability of sixteen advanced sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes across four locations in Northern and Eastern Uganda. That’s to say Abii-ZARDI, Ngetta-ZARDI, Kaberamaido and Tororo Trial Variety Centres (T.V. C’s). A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was used to assess genotypic performance and genotype-by-environment (G × E) interactions. Results from the combined ANOVA revealed highly significant (p < 0.001) differences among genotypes and environments for yield and yield components, however the genotype × environment interaction was not significant for yield but significant for total capsules, indicating differential genotype responses across sites. Mean yield across environments ranged from 289.5 kg/ha (G14) to 963.2 kg/ha (G2), with a general mean of 604 kg/ha. Stability analysis using the AMMI and G*E models identified genotype G10 as the most stable (ASV = 1.05), while G2, G12, and G1 exhibited the highest mean yields. Among environments, Tororo (705.8 kg/ha) was the most productive, followed by Abii-Zardi (633.2 kg/ha). The findings highlight the presence of both adaptable and location-specific genotypes, providing insights for sesame improvement and regional variety selection in Uganda.Item Effect of market food waste and millet spent grain on growth performance of black soldier fly larvae.(Busitema University, 2024) Anuso, SarahThe use of the Using black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) to transform organic refuse into BSFL meal for livestock sustenance and bio-fertilizer to enhance agricultural output is attracting worldwide attention. Nevertheless, the volume and attributes of the resulting commercial products are significantly affected by the kind of organic refuse processed. This research examined the possible application of BSFL in recycling market food waste sourced from Soroti City market and millet spent grain to produce BSFL meal. A completely randomized design with four types Different food sources were prepared to feed black soldier fly larvae (BSFL): market food scraps (100%), processed millet remains (100%), a 50/50 blend of market food scraps and processed millet remains, and wheat bran (100%) as a reference. These materials were used to grow the larvae. The best larval growth (weight: 136.3 ± 8.0) and survival was observed -80.3 ± 0.6), (substrate reduction percentage-72.4 ± 2.3) and (the feed conversion rate-6.5 ± 0.4) were recorded in BSFL fed on wheat bran, market food waste and in the mixed substrates, respectively. The type of organic food waste did not significantly impact larval growth. However, the different decaying foods did have a notable effect on the larvae's water, solid, fat, and protein levels. The mineral content and indigestible fiber of the larvae were not significantly affected by the specific food waste they consumed. food waste substrates. Only four mineral ions (Fe, P, K and Na) were statistically affected by the different organic food waste substrates. Our findings revealed that BSFL can successfully be used in cities to recycle different organic food wastes into protein-rich animal feed and bio fertilizer, contributing substantially to reduced environmental pollution.Item Efficacy of Bugatti fungicide on the control of coffee berry disease in arabica coffee grown in mt. Elgon region.(Busitema University, 2026) Ongwali, JacobCoffee Berry Disease (CBD), caused by Colletotrichum kahawae, is one of the major constraints to Arabica coffee production in the highland areas of Uganda, including the Mt. Elgon region. The disease causes premature berry drop, mummification and deterioration of coffee quality, resulting in significant yield losses. This study evaluated the efficacy of Bugati fungicide at different application rates for the management of CBD. It determined its effect on CBD incidence and severity, and coffee yield and bean quality under field conditions in Bulambuli District, Mt. Elgon region. The experiment was conducted during the 2025/26 production season using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and five treatments: untreated control, Bugati at 5 ml/20 L, 10 ml/20 L and 15 ml/20 L of water, and Efficient at 30 ml/20 L as a positive control. Data generated was analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), followed by Fisher’s Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at 5% probability level. The results showed significant differences (P < 0.001) among treatments in CBD incidence, severity, AUDPC, bean quality and yield. Bugati at 15 ml/20 L recorded the lowest CBD incidence (10.07%), berry disease severity (8.71%) and AUDPC (260.33), compared with 37.32%, 22.32% and 485.33, respectively, in the untreated control. Bugati at 15 ml/20 L also recorded the highest marketable berry percentage (95.00%), total fresh weight (3.775 kg), total dry weight (0.774 kg) and yield (1,238.47 kg ha⁻¹). These were comparable with Efficient at 30 ml/20 L that resulted in a yield of 1,177.20 kg ha⁻¹. Disease pressure in terms of AUDPC (r = - 0.866, p= <0.001) and CBD incidence (r = -0.813, p= <0.001). The study showed that Bugati effectively suppressed Coffee Berry Disease and improved coffee yield and bean quality. Bugati at 15 ml/20 L provided the most effective effect on management of the disease and could be recommended. However, further evaluation across different locations and production seasons is recommended before making broader regional recommendation.Item Growth and yield response of different maize varieties to trichos application.(Busitema University, 2026) Ataliba, OliverDegraded soil properties both chemical and physical, high infestation of disease which occurs as a result of using too much synthetic fertilizers like DAP ,NPK ,urea and more others is increasingly become a challenge in crop production.. However, the use of environmental friendly options such as TRICHOS, a bio fertilizers from fungi species around rhizosphere zone of plants roots have been adapted. This study sought to generate information on the efficacy of TRICHOS on growth and yield performance of different varieties of maize including a local variety, longe 10 H (a hybrid), and longe 5 (an OPV). The study examined the effect of different combined formulations of TRICHO that significantly enhanced maize performance when tested on a single variety. The field experiments were under RCBD with factorial arrangement – 3x3x3 (3 replications, 3 maize varieties, 3 treatments). The experiments were conducted for one season at two locations (Arapai in Soroti district and Ikulwe satellite in Mayuge districts). The TRICHOS was applied in the soil at planting, seed coated, and foliar sprayed at active vegetative growth and at booting. The results showed that among growth parameters, Plant height was significantly affected by treatment (P < 0.001). NPK produced the tallest plants, with a mean height of 120.63 cm, compared with 101.87 cm under Combination and 101.61 cm under Control but chlorophlly and yield parameters only Treatment significantly affected ear height, cob weight, 1000-seed 3weight and grain yield, whereas number of cobs per plant was not significantly affected. According to findings ,Trichos enhanced the growth and yield of different maize varieties and could be recommended that integration of Trichos with appropriate nutrient management should be further evaluated in maize production because the Combination treatment showed improved performance over the Control for several growth and yield-related parameters, although NPK generally produced the highest responses. Variety-specific evaluation of Trichos treatments should be undertaken, particularly for traits such as plant height and 1000-seed weight where significant treatment × variety interactions were observed. This would help identify maize varieties that respond most favourably to particular biological treatments. Key words: Trichoderma, biofertilizer, growth, yield, Tricho nutrients .Item Effect of local cassava drying methods on aspergillus contamination and carbohydrate content in masafu subcounty, Busia district.(Busitema University, 2026) Nakato, BeatriceCassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important food-security and income-generating crop in Uganda, but poor post-harvest drying practices can increase fungal contamination and compromise nutritional quality. This study evaluated the effect of locally practiced cassava drying methods on Aspergillus contamination and carbohydrate content in Masafu Subcounty, Busia District, Eastern Uganda. A cross-sectional farmer survey involving 140 cassava farmers was conducted to identify commonly used drying methods, followed by laboratory analysis of cassava dried using the predominant methods. The survey showed that bare-ground drying was the most widely practiced method (64.3%), followed by tarpaulin drying (21.4%) and raised drying racks (10.7%), while roadside drying accounted for 3.6% and was excluded from laboratory analysis. Drying method had a highly significant effect on Aspergillus load (χ² = 34.003, df = 2, p < 0.001), with contamination increasing from raised racks to tarpaulin and finally bare-ground drying. All three methods differed significantly from one another. Raised drying racks achieved a 50.4% reduction in Aspergillus contamination compared with bare-ground drying. Carbohydrate content was also significantly affected by drying method (F = 39.55, df = 2, p < 0.001). Cassava dried on raised racks recorded the highest carbohydrate content (89.83 ± 1.32 mg 100 g⁻¹), followed by tarpaulin drying (68.44 ± 3.67 mg 100 g⁻¹) and bare-ground drying (56.81 ± 2.42 mg 100 g⁻¹); all three means differed significantly according to Tukey's HSD test. The coefficient of variation was 10.44%. Overall, raised drying racks provided the most favourable combination of microbiological safety and carbohydrate retention, whereas bare-ground drying produced the poorest outcomes. Compared with bare-ground drying, raised racks resulted in a reported 36.8% improvement in carbohydrate retention and 50.4% reduction in Aspergillus contamination. Therefore, the study recommends promotion and adoption of raised drying racks as a practical local drying technology for improving the safety and nutritional quality of dried cassava in Masafu Subcounty. Keywords: Cassava, Aspergillus, carbohydrate content, drying methods, raised drying racks, food safety, Masafu Subcounty.Item Efficacy of tobacco and lantana camara leaf powder in the management of cowpea weevil.(Busitema University, 2026) Ochom, StephenSynthetic insecticides commonly applied on stored grains like cowpea against storage pests such as the cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus), which though effective, risks of poisoning of consumers and development of pesticide resistance. This necessitates discovering alternative organic pesticides which are environmentally friendly with low cost, ecologically safer and less toxic to humans. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of leaf powders of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and Lantana camara in controlling C. maculatus in stored cowpea. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. Treatments included three concentrations (5%, 10%, and 15% w/w) of each botanical powder, a combination of the two botanical powders (5% of tobacco and 5% of Lantana camara making up a combination of 10%) and an untreated control. Adult weevil mortality, percentage seed damage, and percentage weight loss were measured over eight weeks of storage. The data were subjected to analysis of variance followed by means separated using Turkeys’ test at a 5% significance level. The results revealed that all botanical treatments caused significantly higher mortality and reduced seed damage and weight loss compared to the untreated control, with efficacy increasing with increase in concentration. Tobacco leaf powder at 15% concentration achieved the highest weevil mortality (52.29%), and the lowest seed damage (1.14%) and weight loss (5.58 %). Lantana camera powder also demonstrated significant insecticidal activity, with its 15 % concentration causing 41.88% weevil mortality. The combination of both powders showed intermediate efficacy. In conclusion, both tobacco and Lantana camera leaf powders are viable bio-pesticides for managing C maculatus in stored cowpea, with tobacco powder at a 15% as the most recommended treatment. The adoption of these botanicals provides smallholder farmers with an affordable, sustainable strategy to reduce post-harvest losses and enhance food security while supporting environmentally friendly storage practices, then further research should focus exploring on the optimum dosage and mixing ratios of and Lantana leaves.Item Effect of organic soil amendments on the performance of pearl millet.(Busitema University, 2026) Lolemunyang, Simon PeterPearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) is an important cereal crop in semi-arid areas, but its productivity is constrained by declining soil fertility, low organic matter and limited use of soil fertility inputs. This study evaluated the effect of organic soil amendments on the growth and yield performance of pearl millet under semi-arid conditions at Arapai, Eastern Uganda. The experiment was conducted using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four treatments replicated four times: control (no amendment), compost manure, goat manure and rice husk. Data were collected on soil properties, growth parameters and yield components, including plant height, number of leaves, tillers, stem diameter, leaf area, productive tillers, panicle length, 1000-seed weight and grain yield. Data were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and treatment means were separated using Fisher’s Least Significant Difference test at the 5% significance level. The results showed that organic amendments significantly influenced pearl millet growth and yield. Rice husk generally recorded the best performance, followed by goat manure, while compost produced intermediate results and the control recorded the lowest performance. Rice husk produced the highest grain yield of approximately 3.10 t ha⁻¹ at Location 1 and 2.84 t ha⁻¹ at Location 2, compared with about 1.92 and 1.78 t ha⁻¹, respectively, under the control. The study concluded that locally available rice husk and goat manure can substantially improve pearl millet growth and productivity under semi-arid conditions. Their use should therefore be promoted as potential components of sustainable soil fertility management, while further multi-season studies are recommended to establish their long-term effects and economic suitabilityItem Effect of mucuna intercropping on striga hermonthica infestation on growth and yield of sorghum in eastern Uganda.(Busitema University, 2026) Eluga, FelixStriga hermonthica is one of the most destructive parasitic weeds limiting sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) production in Sub-Saharan Africa, causing severe yield losses and threatening food security among smallholder farmers. In Uganda, the problem is exacerbated by low soil fertility, limited fertilizer use, and inadequate adoption of integrated Striga management practices. Although Desmodium is widely promoted for Striga suppression, its adoption may be constrained by seed availability and management requirements. Mucuna pruriens, a vigorous nitrogen-fixing legume, has potential to suppress Striga while improving sorghum growth and productivity, but information on its effectiveness under Eastern Ugandan conditions remains limited. This study therefore evaluated the effect of Mucuna pruriens intercropping on Striga hermonthica infestation, sorghum growth and grain yield in Eastern Uganda. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with five treatments and three replications at Busitema University, Arapai Campus, and a farmer field in Amuria District. Treatments comprised Mucuna between one sorghum row (T1), sole sorghum (T2), Mucuna + Desmodium (T3), Desmodium between one sorghum row (T4), and Mucuna between two sorghum rows (T5). Data were collected on Striga infestation, sorghum growth and yield components and analyzed using analysis of variance, with treatment means separated using least significant difference at 5% probability. The results showed significant differences among treatments in Striga incidence and number of Striga plants per quadrat. The highest Striga incidence occurred in the sole sorghum control (35.95%), while Mucuna + Desmodium recorded the lowest (2.43%), followed by T1 (11.13%), T4 (12.65%) and T5 (22.10%). Similarly, Striga count was highest in the control (4.17 plants per quadrat) and lowest under Mucuna + Desmodium (0.73 plants per quadrat). Intercropping significantly influenced sorghum growth, with Mucuna + Desmodium producing the tallest plants (97.74 cm), compared with 74.52 cm under sole sorghum. Grain yield also differed significantly, with Mucuna + Desmodium recording the highest yield of 2.17 t ha⁻¹, followed by Desmodium (1.77 t ha⁻¹), one-row Mucuna (1.45 t ha⁻¹), two-row Mucuna (1.30 t ha⁻¹), and sole sorghum recording the lowest yield (0.97 t ha⁻¹). Overall, Mucuna + Desmodium provided the most effective combination of Striga suppression and improved sorghum productivity. The findings demonstrate the potential of integrating Mucuna with Desmodium as a sustainable strategy for managing Striga and enhancing sorghum production among smallholder farmers in Eastern Uganda.Item Comparison of the economic viability of animal and mechanized power in the production of maize in Katakwi, Uganda.(Busitema University, 2026) Icumar, MosesMaize is an important staple food and source of income for smallholder farmers in Uganda, yet productivity remains low due to delayed land preparation, limited access to mechanization, and continued reliance on animal draught power. This is all because they lack reliable information on their costs, profitability, farm size, land fragmentation, and timeliness of operations. This study compared the economic viability of animal draught power (oxen) and mechanized power (tractors) in maize production among smallholder farmers in Katakwi District, Eastern Uganda. Specifically, it characterized patterns of traction use and compared the profitability of oxen- and tractor-based land preparation. A design cross-sectional survey and descriptive design was employed and data that is primary was collected from 106 farmers of maize using questionnaires that are structured. Data were analyzed using statistics that are descriptive, independent samples t-tests, chi-square tests, binary logistic regression and multiple linear regression in SPSS. The results showed that oxen remained the dominant source of farm power, with 92.5% of farmers using oxen and only 7.5% using tractors. Tractor users cultivated significantly larger maize fields (4.50 acres) than oxen users (2.38 acres), and farm size was the strongest predictor of tractor adoption. Although tractor users recorded higher average maize yields (1,600kgs/acre) and return on investment (147.10%) than oxen users, these differences were not statistically significant on a per-acre basis. However, they achieved higher overall farm profits by cultivating larger areas. The study concludes that tractor power offers no significant profitability advantage over oxen on a per-acre basis but enables farmers to cultivate larger areas and complete field operations on time. Strengthening affordable tractor hire services, expanding agricultural extension, promoting timely land preparation, and improving access to mechanization are recommended to enhance maize productivity and farm incomes in Katakwi District.Item Consumer preference and willingness to pay for orange fleshed sweet potato chapati puree in Soroti city, eastern Uganda.(Busitema University, 2026) Okalebo, StephenVitamin A deficiency remains a public health concern in Uganda, particularly among children and women of reproductive age. Orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) is a crop that is bio-fortified and rich in provitamin A carotenoids but its utilization in commonly consumed foods that are processed remains limited. Incorporating puree of OFSP into chapati provides an opportunity to increase the consumption of OFSP through food that is familiar while creating addition of value and opportunities in the market. This study assessed preferences of consumers and willingness to pay (WTP) for OFSP puree chapati in Soroti City, Eastern Uganda, and identified factors influencing WTP. A cross-sectional descriptive survey design was employed at Busitema University, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Arapai Campus. A total of 208 students and staff were selected using simple random sampling. Using questionnaires that were structured, data was collected and sensory evaluation based on a five-point hedonic scale and SPSS was used in statistics that are descriptive in analyzing data together with ANOVA, Chi-square tests and multiple regression analysis. There was consumer acceptance that was high basing on the findings of OFSP puree chapati with an overall sensory score of mean of 4.45 out of 5 and acceptability overall of 4.68. The uniformity of color recorded a sensory rating that was the highest (4.79) while chewiess and ease of tearing each scored 4.74. There was also high preference with a rating of 53.8% OFSP chapati as “much better” and 45.7% as “better” than the wheat chapati which is convenetional. Overall, 75% were willing to pay, with a mean WTP of UGX 831.2 per chapati. WTP was significantly associated with income, education, sex and selected sensory attributes, particularly taste, softness and overall acceptability. The regression model explained 34.1% of the variation in WTP. The study concludes that OFSP puree can be successfully incorporated into chapati while maintaining high consumer acceptability and preference. OFSP chapati therefore has potential as a value-added food product that can increase OFSP utilization and provide market opportunities for processors and farmers. Consumer awareness, affordability and consistent product quality remain important for commercialization. Further research should involve more diverse consumers, different OFSP varieties and puree inclusion levels, and larger-scale market evaluation.Item Effect of drying techniques on quality of arabica coffee in Elgon region.(Busitema University, 2026) Mutaawe, MouriceCoffee remains the key agricultural product in Uganda's economy and continues to be the primary export item. Even with its economic significance, the crop's productivity and quality remain quite limited. Inadequate post-harvest handling methods significantly lead to a reduction in coffee quality. Nevertheless, insufficient data regarding the impact of drying on quality requires an in-depth investigation. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the influence of different drying techniques on the physical and cup quality attributes of Arabica for improved household income within Elgon region with two specific objectives; i) To assess the effect of various drying techniques on the physical quality attributes of Arabica coffee and ii) to determine the effect of different drying techniques on the cup quality attributes of Arabica coffee. Therefore, this experiment was carried out to determine the effects of drying techniques on quality of Arabica coffee in Bududa district- Elgon region. Accordingly, on-farm processing experiments were conducted at UBORA SPECIALITY CROPS LIMITED laboratory located in Mbale City and Bushika Integrated Area Cooperative in Bududa district from September, 2025 to June, 2026. The study design was completely randomized design CRD with three drying techniques (sun drying, solar drying and mechanical) replicated 3 times giving a total of 9 experimental units. The study indicated that drying technique significantly affected (P < 0.001) the physical and cup quality attributes of Arabica coffee beans. Among the evaluated methods, solar drying produced the best overall physical quality, with higher bean weight (17.4g), better green color (4.6) and improved raw quality (85.5%) compared with sun drying and mechanical drying. The study concludes that solar drying enhanced cup quality by improving acidity, aroma, flavor, body, and overall sensory acceptability, resulting in the highest overall total cup quality score (88. 9%).Thus, promotion and adoption of solar drying technologies among Arabica coffee farmers; coffee farmers and stakeholders because they produced superior physical and cup quality attributes compared with sun drying and mechanical drying.Item Effect of black soldier fly biofertilizer and NPK fertilizer on the performance of maize in Arapai Soroti district and Abizard in Arua district.(Busitema University, 2026) Siraji, AliMaize is one of the global grains third ranked following wheat and rice, which provide food, feed and industrial raw material. Production of maize is mainly affected by pests and diseases, high input costs, changes in prevailing global prices and most importantly declining soil fertility and nutrient depletion. Improved technologies like use of conventional fertilizers have registered minimal success among the rural farming communities due to high prices, inconsistent supply and high rate of adulteration and soil acidification and eutrophication of water streams. Alternatives for nutrient supplementation were being thought of; therefore, this study evaluated the effect of black soldier fly fertilizer and NPK in performance of maize under on-farm conditions in a multilocation trial in Arapai and Abizard. Randomized complete block design was used to lay the experimental plots with four replications. (1) control, (2) combination of BSF 50% N + NPK 50%, (3) sole application of NPK 100% N, (4) sole BSF 100% N and four replications. Our findings showed significant effect in plant height (p < 0.001) in Arapai and Abizard; leaf area (p < 0.001) in both locations, leaf area index was significant (p < 0.001) all locations, stem diameter (p <0.001) and number of leaves (p < 0.043) and grain weight (p < 0.001) and grain yield (p < 0.001), cob length (p < 0.001) and cob diameter (p < 0.001) for combination against other treatments. We conclude that combination performed better than other treatment for all measured parameters except in leaf area where NPK produced larger leaf size. Our results recommend promoting BSF or integration of BSF and NPK to enhance food security and incomes of farmers and above all safeguarding soil health and environmental conservation. Key words: black soldier fly frass fertilizer, soil fertility, grain weight, grain yield, cob length