Department of Biology

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Assessment of pathogenic bacterial loads in black soldier fly larvae (hermetia illucens) reared on food waste substrates.
(Busitema University, 2026) Icariat, Emmanuel Pius
The bioconversion of organic wastes using Black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) is an emerging sustainable feed solution in Uganda, yet it presents significant microbial safety challenges. This study evaluated bacterial safety and pathogen diversity in BSFL and resulting frass when reared on local organic wastes. Larvae were reared feed formulation of 5 kg brewer's waste + 1 kg maize bran + 2 kg hotel waste with 2 kg larvae per bin. Microbial bioburdens specifically Total Aerobic Bacterial Counts (TABC), coliforms/Escherichia coli, presumptive Salmonella/Shigella spp., and Staphylococcus spp. were quantified using culture-dependent techniques and biochemical profiling. Sampling spanned six distinct matrices: raw substrate, live 5th instar larvae, non-feeding prepupae, blanched larvae (100°C for 15 minutes), thermally dehydrated larvae (70°C for 1 hour), and raw versus heated frass. Raw substrates harbored high baseline bacterial loads (> 8.9 Log10 CFU/g), which directly colonized the un-processed live larvae (9.40 Log10 CFU/g). Natural gut evacuation during the prepupal stage failed to significantly reduce this bioburden (9.29 Log10 CFU/g, p = 0.983). While Gram-negative enteropathogens and spore-forming Bacillus spp. persisted throughout the life cycle and processing stages, Staphylococcus aureus was uniquely suppressed post-ingestion, suggesting effective competitive exclusion and antimicrobial peptide activity within the larval gut. Mild post-harvest thermal processing (short blanching and oven drying) yielded statistically significant microbial reductions; however, residual total viable counts (8.91 Log10 CFU/g) and presumptive Salmonella spp levels (> 6.8 Log10 CFU/g) remained critically above the UNBS and EU maximum limits (≤ 5.0 Log10 CFU/g and zero tolerance in 25 g, respectively). Pathogen loads in BSFL strongly correlated with the initial bioburden of their organic rearing media. The standalone mild thermal kill-steps currently utilized by smallholder farmers are insufficient to guarantee microbiological safety. To mitigate zoonotic transmission risks and achieve market compliance, the adoption of rigorous, multi-stage thermal processing protocols and substrate pre-treatment is essential.
Understanding the prevalence of peptic ulcers among students of Nagongera campus of Busitema university as a strategy towards developing preventive measures.
(Busitema University, 2026) Khaukha, Godfrey
Introduction: Peptic ulcer disease is a significant health concern characterized by sores or wounds on the stomach lining or upper part of the small intestine. The prevalence of PUD among university students is of growing concern due to lifestyle and socio-demographic factors. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of peptic ulcers among students of Nagongera Campus, Busitema University, as a strategy towards developing preventive measures. Methodology: A cross-sectional study design was used, involving collecting data on students with cases of peptic ulcers disease who visit the campus clinic. Data was collected on socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors and clinical symptoms of peptic ulcers disease. The prevalence was calculated as the proportion of students diagnosed with peptic ulcer disease out of the total number of students who visited the clinic during the study period. Results: From the study, the prevalence rate of peptic ulcers increases exponentially from 2023 to 2025 from 5.23 to 11.39. The common signs and symptoms exhibited by students included Burning stomach pain, bloating(dyspepsia), Loss of appetite and weight loss, Nausea and vomiting, Black, tarry stools, Dizziness or fainting, Heartburn and Feeling excessively full or uncomfortable after small meals. The key risk factors included lifestyle habits such as NSAIDS use, alcohol consumption, Irregular eating patterns, stress, smoking and medical history such as H. Pylori infection. Conclusion: Understanding the prevalence and associated risk factors of peptic ulcer disease among university students is crucial for developing targeted preventive strategies. It is recommended that the university implements health education programs focusing on modifiable risk factors, such as reducing alcohol consumption, smoking, and promoting healthy eating habits, to lower the incidence of peptic ulcer disease among students.
Assessing the prevalence and preventive measures of dental caries among children attending selected primary schools in Nagongera town council.
(Busitema University, 2026) Balaba, Emmanuel
This study assessed the prevalence and preventive measures of dental caries among 133 children aged 6-10 years attending selected primary schools in Nagongera Town Council, Tororo District. A quantitative cross-sectional design was employed, combining clinical oral examinations (using WHO DMFT/dmft criteria) and structured questionnaires for parents/ guardians. The prevalence of dental caries was found to be 86.5% (115 out of 133 children), with a mean DMFT score of 3.48±2.41. Only 22.5% of children brushed their teeth twice, and 63.2% brushed daily, while sugary consumption was high. Significant associations were observed between poor oral hygiene practices, high sugar intake, and caries prevalence. The condition resulted in substantial school absenteeism (263 total days missed). The findings indicate a high burden of dental caries in this rural setting. Urgent school-based oral health education, promotion of fluoride toothpaste use, and dietary interventions are strongly recommended.
Assessing barriers affecting female participation in physical education and sports in Busitema university Nagongera campus.
(Busitema University, 2026) Nabutiti, Rebecca
Participation in PE and sports is essential for promoting physical fitness, confidence and social well-being among university students. However, female participation in sports remains significantly lower than that of male globally due to social, cultural, and institutional barriers. This study assessed the barriers affecting female participation in physical education and sports at Nagongera campus, Busitema University. Specifically, the study examined infrastructural barriers, institutional factors and strategies for promoting female participation. The study adapted qualitative research approach using a phenomenological case study design. Data was collected through semi-structured interview and focus group discussions from 25 female students 1 sports tutor, 3 coaches and 1 university administrator. Purposive sampling was used. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis guided by Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological system theory. The finding revealed that infrastructural barriers including lack of private changing rooms, inadequate sanitary facilities, insufficient sports equipment, and absence of female sports teams significantly hindered female participation. Institutional factors including weak policy implementation, limited administrative support, inadequate funding and lack female coaches also contribute to low participation. Socio-cultural norms and gender stereotype further discourage female involvement. Strategies recommended include strengthening institutional support, establishing mentorship programs, increasing funding and awareness campaign, building female-friendly infrastructure, recruiting female coaches, establishing female sports teams and providing uniforms and equipment. The study concludes that addressing barriers at multiple ecological levels is essential for promoting gender equity in sports participation,
Assessing the effect of food type and feeding frequency on blood glucose levels among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes at Tororo general hospital.
(Busitema University, 2026) Owino, Charles
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition that requires appropriate dietary management and insulin therapy to achieve optimal blood glucose control among children and adolescents. This study assessed the effect of food type and feeding frequency on blood glucose levels among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes attending Tororo General Hospital. Specifically, the study determined the commonly consumed food types and their consumption frequency, assessed insulin dosing practices and meal-feeding frequency, and established the association between food-type consumption patterns and glycemic control. A cross-sectional analytical study design was employed involving 17 children and 16 adolescents with type 1 diabetes receiving care at Tororo General Hospital. Data was collected through structured questionnaires and a review of participants' medical records. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, while the Chi-square test was used to determine the association between food-type consumption patterns and HbA1c categories at a 5% level of significance. The findings revealed that carbohydrate-rich staple foods, particularly cassava and posho, were the most frequently consumed foods, while beans and dodo were the most commonly consumed protein and vegetable sources, respectively. Most participants administered insulin 10-15 minutes before meals; however, consistent use of carbohydrate counting and structured meal planning remained limited. The study further established a statistically significant association between food-type consumption patterns and HbA1c categories (X2 = 3.969, p = 0.021), indicating that participants consuming predominantly high-carbohydrate staple diets were more likely to have poorer glycemic control than those consuming relatively lower-carbohydrate dietary patterns. The study concludes that dietary practices significantly influence glycemic control among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Strengthening individualized nutrition counselling, promoting balanced diets, improving carbohydrate counting skills and enhancing caregiver education are essential for improving blood glucose control and reducing the risk of diabetes-related complications.
Assessing medicinal uses of the selected medicinal plants and impact of anthropogenic effects on their distribution in eastern Uganda.
(Busitema University, 2026) Wanjala, Enos
This study assessed the medicinal uses of seven selected medicinal plant species (Zanthoxylum chalybeum, Kigelia africana, Maytenus senegalensis, Warburgia ugandensis, Mondia whitei, Croton macrostachyus and Albizia coriaria) and examined the impact of anthropogenic activities on their distribution in the eastern and north-eastern region of Uganda. A mixed-methods ethnobotanical and ecological approach combined semi-structured interviews and field inventory of 46 informants drawn from six districts (Katakwi, Napak, Moroto, Tororo, Bungokho North and Namisindwa) with transect and quadrat sampling of plant occurrence in relation to land use and environmental variables. Six of the seven targeted species were actively documented; Croton macrostachyus was not encountered during the survey. Kigelia africana was the most frequently cited species (30.4% of use-reports), followed by Zanthoxylum chalybeum (26.1%) and Maytenus senegalensis (21.7%). The documented species were most commonly used to treat malaria (32.6%), measles (28.3%) and stomach pain (26.1%). Roots (65.2%) and bark (50.0%) were the plant parts most heavily harvested, and root digging (43.5%) and debarking (37.0%) were the dominant, and most destructive, harvesting methods. Charcoal/firewood cutting (76.7%) and general habitat loss from land-use change (73.2%) were the anthropogenic threats most widely reported by respondents, followed by agricultural expansion, livestock grazing and invasive species. More than half of respondents (56.5%) confirmed that harvested material entered commercial trade, compounding harvest pressure. The descriptive evidence gathered is inconsistent with the null hypothesis of no relationship between anthropogenic activity and plant distribution, and instead supports the view that harvesting for medicine, fuel wood extraction and land conversion are associated with the observed decline in availability of these species, particularly Mondia whitei and Warburgia ugandensis. Despite this pressure, willingness among respondents to participate in conservation was high (85.4%), with community sensitization the overwhelmingly preferred intervention (73.9%). The study recommends promoting sustainable harvesting techniques, domestication and cultivation of the documented species, community-based sensitization programmes, regulation of fuel wood-driven removal of medicinal trees, and further ecological and phytochemical research to corroborate these perception-based findings.
Impact of anthropogenic stressors on ecosystem health and potential in-stream restoration measures of river Manafwa catchment in eastern Uganda.
(Busitema University, 2026) Wamono, Emma
River ecosystems in tropical highland catchments are increasingly affected by interacting land-use pressures that alter water quality, habitat condition and aquatic biodiversity. This study assessed anthropogenic pressures and short-term in-stream restoration responses in the River Manafwa catchment, eastern Uganda. Specifically, it examined physicochemical water quality, macroinvertebrate assemblages, community perceptions, and the performance of pool–riffle and woody in-stream structures. Guided by pragmatism and three complementary theoretical lenses, the study combined repeated wet- and dry-season biophysical monitoring at nine land-use sites, a cross-sectional community survey and key-informant interviews (n = 247), and a short-term restoration trial at Nakokolo and Khuboda between March and September 2025. Water-quality variables were analysed using inferential statistics and multivariate ordination; macroinvertebrate assemblages were assessed using SASS5/ASPT and diversity metrics; community data were analysed descriptively and by factor analysis; and restoration responses were compared across structure type and season. Land use and season significantly structured several physicochemical variables (p < 0.05), and the water-quality PCA separated forested reference reaches from more disturbed agricultural, urban and car-washing sites. Macroinvertebrate assemblages also differed among sites, with the natural-forest reference reach showing high biological integrity (ASPT about 9.8) and the cassava site lower integrity (ASPT about 5.9); multivariate ordination reinforced this ecological separation. Community respondents showed high awareness of environmental degradation (mean awareness score 4.44 ± 0.65), while ten retained perception factors explained approximately 65% of total variance and revealed an awareness–action gap also reflected in key-informant accounts. The restoration trial produced measurable short-term responses: pool–riffle sequences supported 2,256 individuals and 33 families, while woody structures supported 1,887 individuals and 22 families, with multivariate patterns indicating complementary physicochemical and biological responses across seasons. The study concludes that River Manafwa ecosystem condition is shaped by interacting land-use, seasonal, biological and social processes. It recommends pollution source control, riparian protection, participatory catchment governance, and longer-term replicated evaluation of nature-based restoration before catchment-wide scaling.
Isolation and identification of bacteria from ready-to-eat foods from markets in Nagongera town council, Tororo district Uganda.
(Busitema University, 2026) Muwanguzi, Allan Baleero
The informal ready-to-eat (RTE) food sector in Nagongera Town Council, Tororo District, serves as a critical source of affordable and convenient nutrition for low-income earners, travellers, and the student community of Busitema University. However, poor hygienic handling practices and environmental deficiencies raise significant concerns about the transmission of foodborne pathogens. This study assessed the microbiological safety of selected ready-to-eat foods sold in Nagongera markets. A cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted between March to May 2026, during which thirty ready-to-eat food samples comprising ten fast-fried foods, ten fresh fruits, and ten raw vegetables were collected using a simulated consumer purchase approach across three commercial zones (Areas A, B, and C). Microbiological analysis was performed using conventional culture-based serial dilutions on Nutrient Agar, MacConkey Agar, and Eosin Methylene Blue agar. Bacterial isolates were identified using Gram staining, catalase tests, and Triple Sugar Iron agar biochemical profiling. Mean Total Viable Counts (TVC) were 5.89 log10CFU/g for fast foods, 6.11 log10 CFU/g for fruits, and 6.05 log10CFU/g for vegetables. Mean Total Coliform Counts (TCC) spanned 5.58 log10 CFU/g (fast foods), 5.63 log10CFU/g (fruits), and 5.99 log10 CFU/g (vegetables). All analysed samples exceeded the Uganda National Bureau of Standards (UNBS) safety limits of ≤ 5.0log10 CFU/g for TVC and ≤ 2.0log10 CFU/g for coliforms. Biochemical confirmation verified the presence of Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive cocci, catalase-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative rods, catalase-positive, TSI slant/butt: A/A, gas-positive, H₂S-negative) across all food categories. Pathogenic Salmonella species (Gram-negative rods, catalase-positive, TSI slant/butt: K/A, gas-positive, H₂S-positive) were isolated from Sukuma wiki (Batch 1) and Amaranthus (Batch 2). These findings indicate a high public health risk, highlighting the urgent need for mandatory food safety training, improved municipal water and sanitation infrastructure, and regular regulatory surveillance in Nagongera Town Council.
Assessment of the association of carbohydrate intake on exercise perfomance among secondary school athletes in Tororo City, Uganda
(Busitema University, 2026-09-10) Cheptoyek, Ruth
Carbohydrate intake is an important consideration in supporting exercise performance among athletes, particularly because carbohydrates provide energy for physical activity and contribute to muscle glycogen availability. However, limited evidence exists on the type, timing, and quantity of carbohydrate consumed before exercise and their association with exercise performance among secondary school athletes in Uganda, particularly in Tororo City. This study, therefore, aimed at assessing the association of carbohydrate intake on exercise performance among secondary school athletes in Tororo City, Uganda. The study specifically purported to examine the type, timing, and quantity of carbohydrate intake among secondary school athletes, assess their exercise performance levels, and determine the association between pre-exercise carbohydrate intake and exercise performance. This quantitative study employed a descriptive cross-sectional research design with a sample of 254 secondary school athletes selected from five secondary schools in Tororo City. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS Version 20. Results indicated that maize porridge (75.6%), glucose (72.0%), sweet tea (67.3%), and solid foods such as bread, bananas, rice, matooke, and sweet potatoes (61.0%) were the most commonly consumed carbohydrate sources. Carbohydrate provision was more common after training (78.8%) than one hour before training (44.1%), 30 minutes before training (37.4%), or during training (22.4%). Exercise performance was generally moderate, with endurance (M=3.05, SD=0.56), strength (M=3.33, SD=0.63), and perceived energy (M=3.38, SD=0.69). Correlation analysis showed that carbohydrate type was not significantly associated with endurance (r=-.115, p=.066), strength (r=-.036, p=.563), or perceived energy (r=.100, p=.111). However, timing of carbohydrate intake had a statistically significant but weak positive association with endurance (r=.158, p=.011), while no significant associations were found with strength (r=-.007, p=.909) or perceived energy (r=.055, p=.379). The study concludes that secondary school athletes in Tororo City consume a variety of carbohydrate-rich foods, although carbohydrate intake is more common after training than before or during training. Exercise performance was predominantly moderate, and pre-exercise carbohydrate intake alone did not explain differences in exercise performance, except for the weak positive association between carbohydrate timing and endurance. It is therefore recommended that schools, coaches, and games teachers provide practical guidance on appropriate carbohydrate sources and timing before, during, and after training, with greater attention to appropriate pre-exercise carbohydrate intake to support endurance and overall exercise performance.
Evaluation of Azolla-derived biofertilizer and black soldier fly larvae frass on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) growth and fruit yield
(Busitema University, 2026-09-05) Masereka, Jonan
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an important crop in Uganda because of its nutritional and income-generating value. However, tomato production is often constrained by poor soil fertility and the high cost of synthetic fertilizers. Organic fertilizers such as Azolla-derived biofertilizer and black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) frass may provide affordable and environmentally sustainable alternatives. This study evaluated and compared the effects of Azolla-derived biofertilizer and BSFL frass on tomato growth and fruit yield under open-field conditions at Busitema University, Nagongera Campus. A completely randomized design was used with seven treatments: five concentrations of aqueous Azolla extract (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 100%), BSFL frass, and an unfertilized control. Plant height, number of flowers, number of fruits, and fruit weight were measured. Data were analysed using two-way analysis of variance and descriptive statistics. BSFL frass produced the greatest plant height, flower number, fruit number, and fruit weight. Among the Azolla treatments, the 30% extract performed best. Treatment and measurement time had significant effects on tomato growth and yield (p < 0.05). The study concluded that BSFL frass was the most effective organic fertilizer for improving tomato growth and fruit yield under open-field conditions. A 30% Azolla extract was the best-performing Azolla treatment and may provide a low-cost option for smallholder farmers. These findings support the use of organic fertilizers as sustainable alternatives to synthetic fertilizers in tomato production.
Understanding the occurrences of macroinvertebrates within macrophytes along the Nagongera stream, eastern Uganda, as a prerequisite for conserving riparian vegetation.
(Busitema University, 2026-08-25) Wasiuku, John
This study investigated the occurrence and diversity of macroinvertebrates within macrophyte habitats along the Nagongera Stream in Eastern Uganda. Macrophytes, as key components of riparian ecosystems, provide essential habitats and resources for macroinvertebrates, which play critical roles in nutrient cycling, food webs, and as bio-indicators of water quality. However, increasing anthropogenic activities such as agriculture and settlement have led to significant degradation of riparian vegetation and associated wetlands in the region threatening associated biodiversity. Field sampling was conducted along a 2.5Km reach of the stream at three macrophyte patches. Macroinvertebrates were collected from root zones of Date palm, Vetiver grass and Sedges using sweep nets, preserved in 70% ethanol, sorted, and identified to family and genus level. Diversity was analyzed using taxonomic richness, abundance and the Shannon wiener index . Results showed a total of 72 macroinvertebrate individuals from 11 taxa across 8 orders. Date palm supported the highest abundance (33 individuals) but lowest diversity (H′ = 1.5432, 6 taxa). Vetiver grass recorded 19 individuals with H′ = 1.7050 (highest evenness of 0.9516), while Sedges had the highest taxonomic richness (8 taxa) and diversity (H′ = 1.7481). The study concluded that different macrophyte types create distinct microhabitats that significantly influence macroinvertebrate diversity and abundance, thereby fulfilling the set objectives. These results highlight the critical importance of conserving riparian vegetation for sustaining aquatic biodiversity. It was recommended that local communities and authorities promote sustainable land-use practices, protect existing macrophytes, and restore native riparian vegetation to safeguard the ecological integrity of the Nagongera Stream and similar riverine ecosystems in Eastern Uganda.
In vitro antagonistic activity of Trichoderma longibrachiatum against aspergillus flavus towards management of mycotoxins
(Busitema University, 2026) Nandutu, Brenda
Mycotoxin contamination, particularly aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus, poses a significant threat to global food security and public health. This study investigated the in vitro antagonistic potential of Trichoderma longibrachiatum as a biological control agent against A. flavus. The research was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The antagonistic activity was evaluated using the dual culture technique on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). Results indicated that T. longibrachiatum significantly suppressed the radial growth of A. flavus, achieving a Percentage Inhibition of Radial Growth (PIRG) of 45.56% within 72 hours of incubation. To determine the underlying mechanism of inhibition, the culture filtrate of T. longibrachiatum was analyzed using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). Metabolic profiling identified over 100 bioactive compounds, including potent antifungal cyclic dipeptides such as Cyclo (L-Val-L Pro) and Cyclo(L-Trp-L-Pro), alongside organic acids and terpenes like Nerolidol. These findings suggest that the inhibition is driven by a combination of rapid spatial competition and the secretion of a complex of secondary metabolites (antibiosis). The study concludes that T. longibrachiatum is a promising, sustainable alternative to chemical fungicides for managing A. flavus and reducing mycotoxin risks in agricultural value chains. Keywords: Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Aspergillus flavus, Biocontrol, Aflatoxins, LC-MS, Antibiosis.
Investigation of constituents and effects of the different concentrations of hydroquinone in bleaching creams
(Busitema University, 2023) Aloo, Patience
Hydroquinone has been used for decades as a skin lightening agent. The use of skin lightening agents has its drawback in terms of causing harmful effects such as skin disorders like depigmentation, rashes, pimples, discolorations, kidney damage, and cancer, neurological and psychiatric disorders depending on how the agents for skin lightening are used. A total of 3 samples of different skin whitening cosmetics were collected from local market. viii They were analyzed by using thin layer chromatography and spectroscopy for qualitative and quantitative determination of their hydroquinone contents. The hydroquinone was extracted from samples by using 96% ethanol and was subjected to TLC analysis and the exact concentrations. 3 were found to contain hydroquinone.
Attitudes towards physical education amongst lower secondary students (senior three students) in selected secondary schools in kapchorwa district uganda
(Busitema University, 2024) Siwa, Wuseiri
Physical education (PE) is an essential component of the school curriculum as it promotes physical fitness, health, and well-being of students. However, the attitude of students towards PE can significantly impact their participation and engagement. In Kapchorwa district, Uganda, the attitude of students towards PE is not well documented. Therefore, this study aims to explore the attitude of students towards PE and the levels at which learners are embracing the PE curriculum in secondary schools. Among the objectives of study include; to describe the attitude of students towards physical education. To find out the levels at which learners are embracing the physical education curriculum in secondary schools. This study employs mixed-methods research design, which involve both quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis. The study population comprised of secondary school students in Kapchorwa district. A sample size of 200 students was selected using stratified random sampling. A questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data, while in-depth interviews and focus group discussions was used to collect qualitative data. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. The study provided insights into the attitude of students towards PE and the levels at which learners are embracing the PE curriculum in secondary schools. The findings helped to identify the challenges and opportunities in promoting PE in Kapchorwa district and inform the development of effective strategies to enhance student participation and engagement in P.E.
A study of the microbial diversity of milk products obtained freshly from farmers and in comparison, with urban dairies of tororo municipality
(Busitema University, 2023) Wanzusu, Ezekiel
Microorganisms play a crucial role in various aspects of our lives, including food production and safety. One such area where microorganisms are of significant importance is in the production of milk. Milk is a highly nutritious and widely consumed beverage that serves as a source of essential nutrients for humans. However, it’s also an ideal medium for the growth and proliferation of microorganisms, which can have both positive and negative effects on its quality. This research study aimed at understanding the bacterial spp. composition in fresh milk obtained from two different sources for example that obtained from local milk vendors and that from urban dairies located within Tororo Municipality. The methods that were employed in this study involved an experimental research design in which microbes were cultured in the Busitema University Biology laboratory using different milk samples collected aseptically from Tororo town using an ice box with ice parks to prevent further contamination during transportation. The collection of milk samples involved a random selection of local milk vendors and Diary outlets in which a single sample of 100ml of fresh milk was collected from 3 local milk vendors and 3 dairy outlets within Tororo Municipality plus one milk sample from UV-treated milk from Lato Milk Company. This gave a total of n=7 samples at each time of sampling. Each sample was diluted to make 3 more replicates. 21 petri dishes of Nutrient agar (NA) were each inoculated with microbes from milk samples from all the three sources. Pure cultures of the bacterial colonies made on TSA (Tryptic Soy Agar) were Gram stained before microscopy. Gram staining helped in classifying the bacteria into two groups of Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria based on their ability to retain crystal violet, the primary stain. The petri plates were incubated at 37°C for 24-48 hours. Colonies on the petri dishes were counted using the total plate count technique and the plates having colonies were recorded. Data collection involved the physical counting of bacterial colonies based on colony color, colony characterization based on phenotypic characteristics such as colony morphology, elevation and shape/form using the Total plate count technique so as to obtain numerical data that was tabulated in statistical tables and graphs. This data was used to calculate the microbial load in all the milk samples. Data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel software where numerical data was entered and different graphs and pie-charts were drawn and used to describe various relationships between variables. It was discovered that milk from local vendors had the greatest microbial diversity of 96.1 CFUs/100ml of sample, milk samples from dairy outlets constituted 56.3 iv CFUs/100 ml of sample meanwhile that from UV-treated milk gave the lowest bacterial load of 15.5 CFUs/100 ml. In conclusion, all stakeholders involved in milk handling and processing were advised to implement proper milk handling practices such as use of clean milking, storage and handling equipment, ensuring proper housing of the animals and regular inspections and education of the people involved in milk production
Assessing the effect of sunlight on terrestrial grasses in both open and shade areas in nagongera town council, tororo district.
(Busitema University, 2024) Wabendo Boniface
Light is an essential factor for the growth and development of plants, including grasses. The effects of light on grasses can vary depending on whether they are exposed to open areas or shaded environments. Grass receives direct sunlight for the majority of the day in open locations. They are able to carry out photosynthesis, which is how they turn sunlight into energy, thanks to the abundance of light. Because of this, grasses in open spaces typically grow to a shorter height and have a higher biomass than those in shaded locations. Moreover, the increased light exposure encourages the synthesis of chlorophyll, the pigment that gives plants their green color. Conversely, because of trees or other structures, grasses in shadowed areas receive less sunlight. Their growth and development are impacted by this decreased availability of light. Compared to their open counterparts, grasses in shaded regions are often tall and have a lower biomass. Moreover, their chlorophyll concentration is reduced. Furthermore, the effects of light on grasses extend beyond their physical characteristics. Light also influences the reproductive processes of grasses, such as flowering and seed production. In open areas, grasses are more likely to produce flowers and seeds due to the ample sunlight. In contrast, grasses in shaded areas may have limited or no flowering and seed production.
Prevalence of tomato diseases in buluganya sub county, bulambuli district, uganda
(Busitema University, 2023) Wodamba Christopher
Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) are one of the most essential vegetable crops grown all over the world because of their important nutrients. The majority of people in the world eat them on a daily basis. Tomatoes have nutrients like vitamins A, C and lycopene, which are important in human beings for reducing heart diseases and prostate cancer and other age-related diseases. Solanum lycopersicum. is prone to various diseases that can cause significant yield losses. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of tomato diseases in Buluganya Sub County, Bulambuli district and determine the most diseases affecting tomato production. Tomato diseases are significant concern to farmers, and these diseases are mostly caused by fungi, bacteria, virus and other pathogens. The diseases have resulted into significant yield loss, reducing the quality and quantity of tomato fruits. They increase the cost of production due to the need for diseases management practices to ensure sustainable quality production. Specific objectives are: to determine the most diseases affecting tomatoes, to find-out the causes of tomatoes diseases, to find out the management practices use to reduce the effects/losses due to diseases. Field survey was conducted in Buluganya Sub County, Bulambuli district, tomato plants with signs and symptoms of disease were observed and results collected using observation, interviews and questionnaire. The prevalence of tomato diseases was determined, the most common diseases affecting tomato production was identified in Buluganya Sub County, Bulambuli district. On analysis the chi-square (x2) value (1.344) at p-value 0.05, then the null hypothesis (H0) was rejected and the alternative was accepted.
Assessment of faecal contamination in selected fish ponds within nagongera area with emphasis on minimizing health risks to fish consumers.
(Busitema University, 2024) Owor, Emmanuel
Aquaculture, also known as fish farming is the cultivation of aquatic organisms such as fish, shell fish, and plants in controlled environment and stands as a vital component of global food security, playing a pivotal role in suppling protein to burgeoning populations yet the safety of fish products remains a critical issue. Aquaculture has gained much attention as a fast-growing sector of global food production and source of animal protein in the world today (Olsen & Hasan, 2012). (Olsen & Hasan, 2012). However, microorganisms contribute a significant fraction of importance in the aquatic ecosystem and they have been observed to be among the factors that can cause the emergence of infectious diseases in aqua cultural practices (Santos & Ramos, 2018). The prevalence of infectious diseases has been observed to depend on the interaction between fish pathogens and the aquatic environment (Arkoosh et al., 1998). Hence, the need to quantify and monitor microbial population in this sector. This study delved into the assessment of faecal of contaminations in fish ponds within Nagongera areas in Tororo district. Faecal matter introduces various contaminants into fish ponds, posing risks not only to consumers but also to the sustainability of aquaculture ecosystems. The general objectives of this study were to assess the extent of faecal contamination in fish ponds within Nagongera. Specific objectives were, to identify the sources and types of faecal contamination in selected fish ponds to, determine the concentration of faecal indicator bacteria (E. coli) in the fish and growing waters, determining contamination levels in water, and fish samples, and proposing targeted mitigation strategies. The study employed a rigorous sampling design, selecting fish ponds randomly around Nagongera areas. Three fish ponds were randomly selected as sampling sites, water and fish samples were randomly collected over a four-month period between April and August. Collection of water, and fish samples formed the basis for microbiological analyses. Water samples were collected aseptically with sterile 500 ml capped bottles, labelled appropriately and transported to the laboratory within 1 hour. Fish samples were collected using conventional hook and thereafter placed in sterile polythene bags with appropriate labelling and were transported to the laboratory within 1 hour. Serial dilution was conducted to prepare water and fish samples. A series of sterile dilution tubes (test tubes) were labelled numerically, 10-1 to 10-6 to indicate the dilution factor.
Effect of tree size on symbiotic fungal diversity in tree bark
(Busitema University, 2024) Onyango, John
Tree bark is one of the diverse ecosystems in nature that greatly contributes to biodiversity in forests since there is increasing evidence that biodiversity correlates positively with numerous ecosystem services. Trees form complex associations with a diverse array of fungi particularly within the bark ecosystem. These fungi play crucial role in tree health improvement as some of them resist potential pathogen, nutrient cycling and overall ecosystem functioning. The attribute of tree size which is a proxy of age has a significant impact on the diversity of fungus inhabiting the bark. The relationship between tree size and symbiotic fungal diversity in bark ecosystems presents an important yet poorly understood aspect of tree ecology. While existing research has documented the diverse roles played by symbiotic fungi, the specific influence of tree size on fungal diversity within the tree bark ecosystem remains a knowledge gap. Addressing this gap is essential for comprehensively understanding ecological changes and informing sustainable tree and forest management practices. In addressing this research gap, the study aims at conducting a comprehensive field study in a mixed species environment within Nagongera campus. This study examined the relationship between tree size and fungal communities on tree bark. This was achieved by first identifying the variety of tree size among the different tree species in NC. Based on measurements of tree height, ring diameter, canopy cover and growth stage. The trees were categorized as small, medium, large and extra-large. Bark samples were taken from randomly selected trees at consistent heights and analyzed. Fungal morphologies were studied to identify the various fungal species that inhabited the tree bark. The results showed a significant positive correlation between tree size and fungal diversity, with larger trees tend to have a higher number of fungal species and fungal individuals. Specifically, fungal diversity increased by 50% on trees larger than 100cm in diameter. These findings contribute to our understanding of fungal ecology and tree-fungal interactions, with implications for forest ecosystem functioning and conservation.
Assessing the abundance of soil microorganisms in three specific gardens within busitema university's nagongera campus
(Busitema University, 2024) Okot, Brian Innocent
Introduction: Soil microorganisms play a crucial role in ecosystem functioning, nutrient recycling, and plant health. This study investigates the abundance of fungi and bacteria in the soil of three different gardens: pine, cassava, and eucalyptus garden. Soil samples were collected from each garden and microbial abundance was assessed using plate counts. The abundance of soil microorganisms is critical to maintaining soil heath, influencing nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, and plant productivity (Smith and Paul, 2020). This study aims to assess the abundance of soil microorganisms in different garden; that is to say pine garden, eucalyptus garden, and cassava garden. The findings suggest that gardens with greater plant diversity and organic amendments have a significantly higher microbial count (Brown and Thompson, 2021). METHODS: Three gardens in Busitema University Nagongera Campus were selected and soil samples were picked from them and taken to the biology laboratory for further investigation on the abundance of microorganisms like fungi and bacteria in each garden. The methodology undertaken was plate count technique and staining technique. The plate count technique is a widely utilized method for estimating the abundance of viable microorganisms in soil samples. This method is particularly useful in quantifying bacteria and fungi, which play essential roles in soil health and fertility. RESULTS: The results show significant differences in microbial abundance between the gardens, with the cassava garden having the highest bacteria abundance, followed by the pines garden with the higher bacterial abundance and lastly the eucalyptus garden with the least bacterial abundance. The pine garden with the highest fungal abundance, followed by the cassava garden with higher fungal abundance and lastly with eucalyptus garden with the least fungal abundance. CONCLUSION: From the study it was observed that cassava garden having the highest abundance of bacteria while pine garden having the highest fungal abundance that could be influenced by various factors, including soil composition, moisture levels, temperature, PH levels, and the presence of organic material.

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