Department of Chemistry

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Assessment of Kapchorwa domestic water for phosphate contamination.
(Busitema University, 2026) Chemonges, Junia
This study is aimed to evaluate the phosphate concentration in milligrams per litre in ten water samples from ten different Field areas through molybdenum blue phosphorous method in conjugation with UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Phosphomolybdate complex was formed by the addition of molybdate solution and subsequently reduced with ascorbic acid. This obeyed Beers-Lamberts law at 840 nm in 0.51-2.23 mg/L concentration range. The reagents used are potassium hydrogen phosphate, ammonium molybdate and ascorbic acid solutions. The amount of phosphate present in water samples is found to be proportional to the color intensity of reduced Phosphomolybdate solution. The phosphate concentration in Main stream water samples in both upstream and downstream from river Atari in Kapchorwa district are 2.23 and 1.86 mg/L, Tap water before the treatment tanks, in-between the tanks and after the treatment are 2.05, 1.36 and 0.51 mg/L respectively, Well water samples both near and far from the Irish farms are 1.76 mg/L and 1.31 mg/L and small river water samples both near and far from the Irish farms are 1.57, 1.38 and 1.04 mg/L respective.
Impact of runoff on pH levels and concentration of nutrients in surface water stream of Kibimba rice scheme.
(Busitema University, 2026) Kaneene, Brian
The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of agricultural runoff on the pH levels and nutrient concentration in surface water within the kibimba rice scheme overflow stream in Bugiri district, Uganda. The increasing use of agricultural inputs such as fertilizers and agrochemicals has raised the concerns about nutrient enrichment and water quality deteriorations in surrounding water bodies. Water samples were obtained from three sampling sites along the stream : upstream, the middle stream and the lower stream and were analyzed using the JEN WAY Geneva plus model 6705 UV-Visible spectrometer set wave length of 880nm for the concentration of phosphates and at 220nm for the nitrate concentration. The study found out that the concentration of nitrate at all sampling sites were above the standard which therefore showed that the level of pollution by the nitrates were high. For phosphate the concentration of the nitrates at the upstream and lower stream were below the standard while that at the upstream was slightly above the relative standard concentration. The pH of the water from all the three sites was seen to be with in the standard limit of 6.0-8.5. The study concluded that water from the surrounding of kibimba rice scheme is not good for consumption because of the high concentrations of nitrate at all the three sampling sites and phosphates at middle stream. Due to this, there is need for policy makers and other stakeholders to regulate nutrient pollution in water sources around kibimba rice scheme.
Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of tylosema leaf extracts against common skin pathogens.
(Busitema University, 2026) Kanwagi, Charles
Skin infections present a significant public health challenge in East Africa and Africa at large. This issue is worsened by rising antimicrobial resistance among common cutaneous pathogens. Tylosema esculentum known as marama bean is a resilient perennial legume that is currently valued for its nutritional and medicinal properties while the chemical profile some of its parts such as leaves remains unexplored. The therapeutic effectiveness of plant-based preparations is fundamentally dependent on the concentration and diversity of secondary metabolites such as phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids among others which serve as the primary bioactive agents against pathogenic organisms. The main objective of this research was to determine the qualitative secondary metabolite composition and quantitative concentrations of the selected phytochemicals within the leaf tissue matrix of Tylosema esculentum. The leaves of Tylosema esculentum were subjected to ultrasonic-assisted extraction using pure acetone as the extraction solvent at a temperature of 45°C, the crude extract was qualitatively analyzed for the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, glycosides, quinones, anthraquinones and phlobatannins. The extraction process yielded 3.492 g of crude extract from an initial sample size of 40g of leaf powder giving a total percentage extraction yield of 8.73% which demonstrated a viable extraction efficiency. The qualitative phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, saponins, steroids, glycosides, and quinones, while terpenoids, anthraquinones and phlobatannins were absent. Quantification demonstrated that tannins were the most abundant phytochemicals at a concentration of 629.6 mg/g, followed by alkaloids at 112.2 mg/g, flavonoids at 24.9 mg/g and steroids at 24.8 mg/g. Antimicrobial assays against skin pathogens were not carried out because the required microbiology laboratory chemicals, microbial cultures and biosafety equipment were not readily available. The findings of the study suggest that Tylosema esculentum leaves may be a potential source of antimicrobial agents due to the exceptionally high presence of bioactive alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and steroids and also provide basis for further antimicrobial investigations.
Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of leonotis nepetifolia.
(Busitema University, 2026) Nyaketcho, Ruth
Leonotis nepetifolia commonly called klip dagga, or lion’s ear, has been used to effectively treat various diseases and other health problems for a long time because of its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities. Several studies have attributed these biological activities to L. nepetifolia’s constituent secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, glycosides, coumarins, anthraquinones, and saponins. The total plant species harbored in different countries includes many important medicinal plants some of whose pot be explored. As the demand of medicinal plants has increased globally due to insurgence of interest in and herbal medicines, there is an urgent need to develop and implement cultivation of important medic commercial scale. This study aimed at preliminary phytochemical analysis and determination of antioxidant activity of acetone extract (AE) from aerial parts of Leonotis nepetifolia collected from Nagongera Town council. Qualitative phytochemical analysis showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, steroids, alkaloids, phenols, and saponins. Quantitative analysis revealed that flavonoids were the most abundant phytochemical at 7.6274 ± 0.255mg QUE/g, followed by steroids at 1.97925 ± 0.043 mg DSE/g, tannins at 0.1627 ± 0.166 mg TAE/g and alkaloids at 1.20183 ± 0.042 mg CAE/g. The antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH radical assay and the extract exhibited strong activity with an IC50 value of 0.1975 mg/ml. The observed antioxidant activity is likely attributed to the high flavonoid and phenolic content, which are known hydrogen donors. The results suggest that L. nepetifolia possesses significant phytochemicals and strong antioxidant potential which may justify its traditional use and support. However, although L. nepetifolia has great potential to treat these diseases, further isolation and identification of its therapeutic phytochemical constituents are required. In addition, the performance of its extracts and phytochemicals should be thoroughly tested in preclinical and clinical trials in order to ascertain their safety and efficacy, which will prove valuable in developing new medicines.
Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial evaluation of dibenzalacetone as a monocarbonyl curcumin analogue against escherichia coli.
(Busitema University, 2026) Namuganza, Hadija
Curcumin is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound isolated from turmeric and is known for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. However, the practical application of curcumin has been limited due to its poor bioavailability and chemical instability. This research focused on the synthesis of monocarbonyl curcumin analogues and evaluation of their antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli. The synthesized analogue was purified by recrystallization and characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and the absorbance was found to be 0.485 at wavelength of 330nm, melting point determination and its melting point was found to be 1190 C and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) for functional group analysis. Antimicrobial activity was determined using agar well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration methods. The synthesized monocarbonyl curcumin analogue exhibited a yellow-orange crystalline appearance with a relatively sharp melting point indicating purity. UV-visible spectroscopy showed characteristic absorption peaks associated with conjugated systems while FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of aromatic rings, hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups, and alkene functionalities. Antimicrobial evaluation demonstrated inhibitory effects against Escherichia coli.The synthesized anologue exhibited zones of 2.25, 7.25 and 10.50mm at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0mg/L respectively. The percentage yield of the synthesized analogue was found to be 85%. The results indicated that structural modification of curcumin improves stability and enhances antimicrobial activity. The study concludes that monocarbonyl curcumin analogues are promising antimicrobial a 9, kgents and may contribute to development of novel therapeutic compounds against resistant bacterial strains.
Assessment of the phytoremediation potential of indigenous plant species for lead-contaminated soils in the Tiira artisanal gold mining zone, Busia district, Uganda.
(Busitema University, 2026) Bwire, Derick Wandera
Lead contamination associated with artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) poses a significant environmental and public health concern because of the persistence, toxicity and potential mobility of Pb in contaminated soils. In Busia District, Uganda, mining activities have contributed to the degradation of soils and may increase the potential for Pb transfer to surrounding ecosystems and communities dependent on land resources. Conventional remediation approaches, including soil excavation and chemical stabilization, can be costly, disruptive and difficult to implement in resource-limited settings (Evanko et al., 1997). Phytoremediation therefore provides a potentially sustainable and locally adaptable approach for managing contaminated soils. This study assessed the phytoremediation potential of indigenous plant species naturally growing in Pb-contaminated soils within the Tiira artisanal gold mining zone, Busia District, Uganda. The specific objectives were to determine Pb concentrations in contaminated soil, identify indigenous plant species occurring naturally within the contaminated environment, and evaluate their Pb uptake and accumulation capacity. Soil and whole-plant samples of Ageratum conyzoides, Bidens pilosa, Amaranthus spinosus and Galinsoga parviflora were analysed following wet acid digestion, and Pb concentrations were determined using UV–Visible spectrophotometry. The soil contained 949 mg kg-1 Pb, approximately 9.5 times the adopted WHO/FAO guideline value of 100 mg kg-1, confirming substantial Pb contamination. Pb accumulation varied among the investigated species, with A. conyzoides recording the highest concentration (846 mg kg-1) and BAF (0.89), followed by B. pilosa (692 mg kg-1; BAF = 0.73), A. spinosus (513 mg kg-1; BAF = 0.54) and G. parviflora (256 mg kg-1; BAF = 0.27). None of the species recorded a BAF greater than one. A. conyzoides and B. pilosa therefore demonstrated the greatest Pb accumulation potential among the investigated indigenous species and warrant further evaluation in long-term phytoremediation studies. The findings provide baseline evidence supporting the use of locally adapted vegetation in the management of mining-contaminated soils and contribute to sustainable approaches to environmental restoration, responsible land management and community protection. The study is relevant to the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being), SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), SDG 15 (Life on Land) and SDG 13 (Climate Action), through its contribution to pollution reduction, ecosystem restoration and sustainable environmental management.
Phytochemical analysis and effect of different drying methods on the phytochemical composition of aloe species.
(Busitema University, 2026) Waneloba, Cleopus
Aloe species, particularly Aloe barbadense Miller, are widely recognized for their medicinal properties, which are attributed to a diverse array of bioactive phytochemicals. However, fresh Aloe gel is highly perishable and requires processing, with drying being a common preservation method (Mustapure et al., 2023). This study investigated the effect of three different drying methods—sun drying, shade drying, and solar drying on the phytochemical composition of Aloe species. Fresh Aloe leaves were collected from Nagongera Sub-County, Tororo District, Uganda, and subjected to the three drying treatments. The dried samples were powdered and extracted using cold maceration with methanol. Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, steroids, alkaloids, saponins, phenols, terpenoids, and quinones in all extracts, though with varying intensities. Quantitative analysis was performed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry with appropriate standards: quercetin for flavonoids (R² = 0.996), tannic acid for tannins (R² = 0.982), prednisolone for steroids (R² = 0.991), and caffeine for alkaloids (R² = 0.994). Shade drying consistently produced the highest concentrations of all phytochemical classes: flavonoids (66.30 µg/ml), tannins (5.54 mg/ml), steroids (4.92 mg/ml), and alkaloids (3.12 mg/ml). Sun drying resulted in the lowest concentrations among dried samples: flavonoids (46.41 µg/ml), tannins (4.56 mg/ml), steroids (3.62 mg/ml), and alkaloids (2.70 mg/ml). Fresh samples showed the lowest concentrations due to high moisture content (~98%). One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) among treatments for all phytochemical classes. These findings demonstrate that shade drying is the most effective method for preserving the phytochemical integrity of Aloe, while sun drying causes significant degradation of bioactive compounds. Solar drying offers an intermediate option with faster drying times. These results have important implications for small-scale farmers and herbalists in Uganda seeking to maintain the medicinal quality of dried Aloe products.
Molecular docking of vernonia amygdalina del compounds against malaria enzymes.
(Busitema University, 2026) Mukembo, Thomas
Malaria remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with increasing resistance to artemisinin-based combination therapies driving the search for new antimalarial leads from natural sources. Vernonia amygdalina (VA), a plant long used in traditional medicine to manage malaria and its associated symptoms, contains a diverse array of phytochemicals whose molecular interactions with malaria-associated targets remain incompletely characterized. This study employed an integrated network pharmacology and molecular docking approach to evaluate the antimalarial potential of bioactive compounds from V. amygdalina. From an initial library of 348 phytochemicals reported in the literature, compounds satisfying Lipinski's rule of five were retained for further analysis, and SwissTargetPrediction was used to identify their putative protein targets. Intersection of these compound targets with malaria-associated disease genes, followed by protein–protein interaction network analysis, identified TNF, TLR4 and IL1B as the most druggable core targets. Molecular docking of the VA compound library against these three targets (PDB: 2AZ5, 4G8A and 8RYK) was performed using AutoDock Vina in PyRx. Docking results showed markedly weaker binding to TNF (best affinity −7.0 kcal/mol, mean −3.6 kcal/mol) compared with TLR4 (best affinity −9.6 kcal/mol, mean −6.4 kcal/mol; 29 compounds at or below −8.0 kcal/mol) and IL1B (best affinity −9.0 kcal/mol, mean −6.3 kcal/mol; 21 compounds at or below −8.0 kcal/mol). Apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, Veramyoside I, Vernonioside D1 and Vernoamyoside C1 emerged as the most consistent multi-target binders across all three proteins. These findings provide computational, mechanistic support for the traditional use of V. amygdalina in malariamanagement, particularly through modulation of TLR4- and IL1B-mediated inflammatory pathways, and identify several phytochemicals as promising candidates for further in vitro and in vivo antimalarial validation.
Phytochemical characterization, antioxidant activity and formulation of a bidens pilosa leaf-based topical herbal preparation.
(Busitema University, 2026) Kalenda, Nusulah
Background: Wounds and excessive bleeding remain a major concern in Africa resulting in high mortality rates when left untreated. Due to limited access to conventional wound care and hemostatic agents, many local communities rely on medicinal plants. Bidens pilosa is traditionally used across many regions in Africa to treat cuts, wounds and bleeding, but scientific validation of its efficacy is limited. The main objective of this study was to characterize the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of Bidens pilosa leaves and to formulate a topical preparation for potential wound-care applications. Material and Methods: Ethanolic leaf extracts of Bidens pilosa were subjected to phytochemical analysis to investigate the active constituents present in the extract. The different phytochemicals were quantified using different standards whose calibration curves were used to determine the concentration of the extracts. Herbal remedy was formulated from the Bidens pilosa powder by mixing it with coconut oil and sorbate was added as a preservative. Antioxidant property was then determined using DPPH antioxidant radical scavenging activity tests and ferric reducing power test. Results: Qualitative screening detected alkaloids, tannins and phenolic compounds strongly, saponins moderately, and flavonoids and steroids weakly. Quantitative analysis gave 5.55 mg apigenin equivalent/g (flavonoids), 5.64 mg propyl gallate equivalent/g (phenolics), 0.50 mg caffeine equivalent/g (alkaloids) and 2.59 mg tannic acid equivalent/g (tannins); several sample absorbances fell outside the calibration range and these values should be treated as preliminary. The formulated remedy was green in colour with a pleasant smell, an average DPPH free radical scavenging activity of 44.5%, ferric reducing power of 6.2 mg of ascorbic acid per gram of the extract and pH of 7.5. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of Bidens pilosa leaves contains several classes of secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, tannins, phenolics and flavonoids, and exhibits antioxidant activity that may support further investigation of the plant for wound-care applications. A topical preparation was successfully formulated. Haemostatic and wound
The phytochemical composition of aloe vera and its antibacterial activity.
(Busitema University, 2026) Bogere, Sharif
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections affecting people worldwide. The increasing resistance of pathogenic bacteria to conventional antibiotics has created a need for alternative antimicrobial agents from medicinal plants. Aloe vera is one of the medicinal plants traditionally used for the treatment of various infections because of its bioactive phytochemical constituents. This study aimed at determining the qualitative phytochemical composition of Aloe vera extracts and evaluating their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Fresh Aloe vera leaves were collected, processed, and extracted using water and ethanol as extraction solvents. Qualitative phytochemical screening was carried out to detect the presence of anthraquinones, alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins. Antibacterial activity was determined using the agar well diffusion method against E. coli and S. aureus. The results revealed that both aqueous and ethanol extracts contained the tested phytochemicals, although the ethanol extract showed stronger phytochemical presence. Both extracts inhibited the growth of E. coli and S. aureus, with ethanol extracts demonstrating stronger antibacterial activity compared to aqueous extracts. The study concludes that Aloe vera possesses important phytochemicals with antibacterial properties and may serve as a potential natural antimicrobial agent against bacterial pathogens associated with urinary tract infections.
Pyrolysis of low density polyethene waste for pyrolytic oil production.
(Busitema University, 2026) Mbwaali, Judith
The increasing accumulation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) wastes such as water sachets and grocery bags presents environmental challenges while also representing a potential source of recoverable hydrocarbon energy. This study investigated the bench-scale pyrolysis of LDPE wastes from white water sachets and black grocery bags for pyrolytic oil production. The study examined the effects of temperature at 175, 200, 225 and 250°C, compared the two feedstock sources at the optimum temperature, and characterized the resulting oils based on density, viscosity, apparent pH and calorific value. A laboratory experimental design was used. Equal portions (20 g) of each LDPE feedstock were subjected to controlled thermal treatment and the condensed liquid products were collected. The 250°C results reported from the experiment were 7.64 g of oil from black grocery-bag LDPE and 4.52 g from white water-sachet LDPE, corresponding to oil yields of 38.2% and 22.6%, respectively. The results showed increasing oil yield with increasing temperature, with 250°C giving the highest liquid recovery in the investigated range. At 250°C, the black grocery-bag feedstock produced 69.03% more oil by mass than the white water-sachet feedstock. Illustrative physicochemical values at the optimum temperature were 0.79 and 0.81 g/mL density, 2.10 and 2.40 mm²/s viscosity, apparent pH values of 6.70 and 6.40, and calorific values of 40.30 and 39.70 MJ/kg for black and white LDPE oils, respectively. The study demonstrated the potential of LDPE waste valorization through pyrolysis.
TLC-bioautography guided identification and assessment of antibacterial compounds from plectranthus cyaneus.
(Busitema University, 2026) Kyakulaga, Siragi
The increasing resistance of many pathogenic bacteria to antibiotics has created urgent need to search for alternative antibacterial agents from natural sources. This study investigated the antibacterial active components of Plectranthus cyaneus leaves using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) Bio autography-guided identification Fresh leaves of Plectranthus cyaneus were collected from busitema university garden campus, allowed to dry under shade, powdered and extracted with ethanol, hexane and ethyl acetate using maceration extraction. The crude extracts were separated by TLC using hexane: ethyl acetate solvent system in a ratio of (7:3) respectively. The developed chromatograms were subjected direct TLC bioautography against Escherichia coli cultured on MacConkey agar and Staphylococcus aureus cultured on nutrient agar, followed by visualization using resazurin dye. The TLC analysis showed distinct phytochemical compounds with different Rf values ranging from 0.26 to 0.71 in ethyl acetate, from 0.21 to 0.50 in hexane, and from 0.19 to 0.69 in ethanol. Ethanol produced good separation chromatographic resolution, indicating improved separation of phytochemicals. After spraying with resazurin dye, colourless zones were observed against the pink background, indicating antibacterial activity. The inhibition zone detected suggest presence of multiple antibacterial components in the ethanol, hexane and ethyl acetate. The findings demonstrate that Plectranthus cyaneus contains active compounds with antibacterial activity and support its traditional medicinal use in the treatment of bacterial infections. The study later confirmed that TLC-bioautography is a rapid, simple and cost-effective method for identifying antibacterial compounds from medicinal plants prior to the advanced purification and characterization. GC-MS analysis of the bioactive fractions revealed the presence of different phytochemical constituents, including the alcohols, phenolic derivatives, long chain hydrocarbons, fatty acid methyl esters. The major compounds identified included Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, methyl stearate, 6-octsdecanoic acid methyl ester, n-nonadecanol-1, and among these hexadecanoic acids methyl ester and methyl stearate were predominant constituents, showing that fatty acid derivatives have a significant proportion of the bioactive extract and contribute to the antibacterial activity observed during TLC bioautography.
Integrated untargeted metabolomics, network pharmacology and molecular docking of per sea americana seed metabolites for potential anti-breast cancer activity.
(Busitema University, 2026) Nadunga, Alice
Introduction: Breast cancer remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among women worldwide despite advances in conventional therapies such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery. These treatments are often associated with adverse side effects, drug resistance, and high costs, particularly in low-resource settings. Natural products have emerged as promising alternatives due to their accessibility, lower toxicity, and diverse bioactive compounds. Persea americana (avocado) seeds contain phytochemicals with reported anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiproliferative properties; however, the specific bioactive metabolites responsible for its anti-breast cancer effects and their molecular mechanisms of action remain insufficiently understood. Objective: This study aimed to profile phytochemicals present in Persea americana seed extract and establish their potential anticancer mechanisms against breast cancer using metabolomic, network pharmacology, and in silico approaches. Methodology: Fresh Persea americana seeds were collected, authenticated, dried, pulverized, and extracted using 80% methanol. Phytochemical profiling was performed using UHPLCQ-TOF-MS/MS analysis coupled with GNPS molecular networking for metabolite annotation and compound identification. Identified phytochemicals were subjected to target prediction using SwissTargetPrediction and SwissADME databases, while breast cancer-related targets were obtained from GeneCards, OMIM, and DisGeNET databases. Compound–target and protein–protein interaction networks were constructed using Cytoscape and STRING databases, respectively. Finally, Molecular docking studies using AutoDock Vina were conducted to evaluate ligand–protein binding interactions. Results: Untargeted metabolomic profiling revealed 205 phytochemicals belonging to major chemical classes including phenolic compounds, terpenoids, alkaloids, fatty acids, flavonoids and glycosides. Network pharmacology analysis identified 38 intersecting targets associated with breast cancer and identified ERBB2, EGFR, PIK3CA, PTPN11 and CTNNB1 as hub genes from Cytoscape involved in tumour proliferation, apoptosis. Functional analysis demonstrated that these targets were significantly involved in cancer-related biological processes and signalling pathways including P13K-Akt and EGFR as the most important KEGG pathways. Molecular docking analysis showed that several identified metabolites exhibited strong binding affinities toward key therapeutic targets, suggesting potential anticancer activity. Conclusion: This study provides a systematic framework for identifying bioactive phytochemicals from Persea americana seeds and elucidating their multi-target anticancer mechanisms against breast cancer. The integration of metabolomics, network pharmacology, and molecular docking may contribute to the discovery of novel plant-based therapeutic candidates and advance the development of effective, low-toxicity alternatives for breast cancer treatment.
Influence of soil physico-chemical properties on the mobility and retention of fertilizers in soils of Buwali sub-county, Bududa district.
(Busitema University, 2026) Majeme, Julius
Efficient fertilizer use in smallholder agriculture requires a clear understanding of how soil physico-chemical properties govern nutrient mobility and retention. This study assessed soil pH and organic matter (OM) content from three sites in Buwali Sub-county, Bududa District, Uganda (Buwashi, Bunabumali, and Bukobero), and evaluated their influence on the horizontal and vertical mobility of nitrate (from CAN fertilizer) and phosphate (from NPK fertilizer) using controlled laboratory column and trough experiments. All three soils were slightly acidic (pH 6.12–6.65). Organic matter varied markedly: Buwashi 8.00% > Bunabumali 6.60% > Bukobero 4.60%. Nitrate was determined by the UV spectrophotometric method (corrected absorbance Acorr = A₂₂₀ − 2A₂₇₅) using a linear calibration curve with regression equation Acorr = 0.0467 × C − 0.0007 (R² = 0.9999), which provided excellent linearity across the full 0–25 mg/L range. Phosphate was determined by the Molybdenum Blue method at 880 nm (R² = 0.9948). Nitrate mobility was strongly controlled by OM content. Buwashi soils retained 85.8% of nitrate within 6 cm horizontally and 88.5% within 15 cm vertically, indicating excellent nitrogen retention. Bunabumali soils showed very poor retention (15.5% horizontal; 24.0% vertical), representing a significant nitrate leaching risk. Bukobero showed moderate to good attenuation (20.3% horizontal; 55.1% vertical). Phosphate was strongly immobile in all three soils (75–80% attenuation within 6 cm and 15 cm), controlled by mineral fixation chemistry rather than OM content. The study concludes that organic matter is the primary driver of site-specific nitrogen retention differences, while phosphate immobility is universal across all sites. Split CAN applications are strongly recommended for Bunabumali and Bukobero soils; NPK fertilizer should be band-incorporated at root depth at all site
Assessment and mitigation of water hardness in borehole and shallow well sources in Kaderuna sub-county, Budaka district, and efficiency of locally available materials for removal of calcium and magnesium ions.
(Busitema University, 2026) Dimaye, Bezereli
Groundwater from boreholes and shallow wells is the principal source of domestic water for the majority of households in Kaderuna Sub-County, Budaka District, Eastern Uganda, yet its hardness status had never been scientifically documented despite persistent community complaints of excessive soap consumption, scale formation, and skin irritation. This study assessed the total, calcium, and magnesium hardness of five groundwater sources (three boreholes and two shallow wells) and evaluated the efficiency of three locally available materials — banana peel ash (BPA), rice husk ash (RHA), and wood charcoal (WC) — for removing calcium and magnesium ions. Hardness was determined in triplicate by EDTA complexometric titration (APHA Method 2340 C). A pooled water sample representing all five sources was then subjected to batch adsorption experiments in a 3 × 4 × 4 factorial design (three materials, four dosages of 1, 2.5, 5 and 10 g/L, and four contact times of 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes), and removal efficiency was calculated from pre- and post-treatment hardness values. Baseline total hardness ranged from 196.3 mg/L at BH-3 to 341.5 mg/L at SW-1 as CaCO3, with all five sources classified as "hard" to "very hard" under WHO guidelines, although none exceeded the UNBS maximum acceptable limit of 500 mg/L. One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in hardness among the sources (p < 0.001). In the batch experiments, removal efficiency increased with both dosage and contact time for all three materials. Banana peel ash was the most effective, removing 79.8% of total hardness at 10 g/L after 60 minutes (rising only marginally to 82.3% at 120 minutes), compared with 61.4% for rice husk ash and 46.3% for wood charcoal under the same conditions. These findings confirm that groundwater in Kaderuna Sub-County is generally hard to very hard and that banana peel ash, an abundant agricultural waste material, offers the most practical and effective option for household-level water softening in this setting. The study recommends community sensitization on the preparation and safe use of banana peel ash for water treatment, continuous hardness monitoring of the sampled sources, and further research on the regeneration and long-term performance of the material under field conditions.
Assessment of physicochemical quality of borehole water and iron oxidation.
(Busitema University, 2026) Kayuyu, Ashiraf
Access to safe drinking water remains a major challenge in many rural and urban areas of Uganda. The study assessed the physicochemical quality of borehole water and iron oxidation in Nagongera Town Council, Tororo District, Eastern Uganda. Water samples were collected from one randomly selected borehole at six different times of the day i.e. (04:00, 05:00, 06:00, 07:00, 08:00 and 09:00 AM) for three consecutive days. The parameters analysed were pH, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC) and iron concentration. Iron concentration was determined using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 490 nm after complexation with potassium thiocyanate. The results showed that pH values ranged from 6.8 -7.1, temperature from 21.9 °C - 24.2 °C, and electrical conductivity from 392.4 µS/cm - 436.8 µS/cm. These parameters were within the reference limits used in the study for drinking water. However, iron concentration varied significantly with time of water collection and the rate of pumping. The highest concentration was 3.350 mg/L, recorded at 04:00 am which was far above the WHO guideline value of 0.3 mg/L. Iron levels decreased progressively with continued pumping, reaching 0.180 mg/L by 09:00 am. This pattern is attributed to the accumulation of dissolved ferrous iron (Fe²⁺) under anaerobic stagnant conditions overnight, followed by flushing of stagnant water and oxidation of Fe²⁺ to insoluble ferric iron (Fe³⁺) upon exposure to oxygen during daytime pumping. The study concludes that the borehole water was generally acceptable with respect to pH, temperature and electrical conductivity, however, early morning water contained elevated iron concentrations that may cause aesthetic problems such as metallic taste, colour and staining. It is recommended that residents allow the water to run for several minutes each morning before collection for drinking and cooking purposes, and that low-cost iron removal methods such as aeration followed by filtration be promoted. Access to safe drinking water remains a major challenge in many rural and urban areas of Uganda. The study assessed the physicochemical quality of borehole water and iron oxidation in Nagongera Town Council, Tororo District, Eastern Uganda. Water samples were collected from one randomly selected borehole at six different times of the day i.e. (04:00, 05:00, 06:00, 07:00, 08:00 and 09:00 AM) for three consecutive days. The parameters analysed were pH, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC) and iron concentration. Iron concentration was determined using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 490 nm after complexation with potassium thiocyanate. The results showed that pH values ranged from 6.8 -7.1, temperature from 21.9 °C - 24.2 °C, and electrical conductivity from 392.4 µS/cm - 436.8 µS/cm. These parameters were within the reference limits used in the study for drinking water. However, iron concentration varied significantly with time of water collection and the rate of pumping. The highest concentration was 3.350 mg/L, recorded at 04:00 am which was far above the WHO guideline value of 0.3 mg/L. Iron levels decreased progressively with continued pumping, reaching 0.180 mg/L by 09:00 am. This pattern is attributed to the accumulation of dissolved ferrous iron (Fe²⁺) under anaerobic stagnant conditions overnight, followed by flushing of stagnant water and oxidation of Fe²⁺ to insoluble ferric iron (Fe³⁺) upon exposure to oxygen during daytime pumping. The study concludes that the borehole water was generally acceptable with respect to pH, temperature and electrical conductivity, however, early morning water contained elevated iron concentrations that may cause aesthetic problems such as metallic taste, colour and staining. It is recommended that residents allow the water to run for several minutes each morning before collection for drinking and cooking purposes, and that low-cost iron removal methods such as aeration followed by filtration be promoted.
Assessing the impact of rice growing on water quality : a case study of Nakwiga wetland of Busolwe town council in Butaleja district.
(Busitema University, 2026) Nawedde, Bruno Mweru
This study assessed the impact of rice growing on the water quality of Nakwiga wetland in Busolwe Town Council, Butaleja District. Water samples were collected from upstream, rice-growing, and downstream areas and analyzed for temperature, turbidity, pH, nitrates, and phosphates. Results showed that temperature, turbidity, nitrate, and phosphate concentrations were highest in rice-growing areas, while pH was slightly lower. The elevated nutrients were attributed to fertilizer application and soil erosion. The study concluded that rice cultivation significantly affected water quality in the wetland. It was recommended that farmers adopt minimum tillage, maintain buffer strips, and manage water to reduce pollution.
Assessing the quality of domestic water consumed in Bugiri municipality, Bugiri district, eastern Uganda.
(Busitema University, 2026) Omaira, Ronald
This study assessed the quality of domestic water consumed in Bugiri Municipality, Bugiri District, Eastern Uganda, with particular emphasis on physicochemical parameters and fluoride contamination. Water samples were collected from ten strategic sampling points, comprising six boreholes and four tap water sources, during the dry season to ensure consistency in sampling conditions. The samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, and fluoride ion concentration using standard analytical methods including conductometry, EDTA titrimetry, and fluoride ion-selective electrode potentiometry. The results revealed that most physicochemical parameters were within the World Health Organization (WHO) and Uganda National Bureau of Standards (UNBS) drinking water quality guidelines. pH values ranged from 6.42 to 7.43 for boreholes and 6.89 to 6.93 for tap water, with the NDIFAKULYA borehole (pH 6.42) falling slightly below the recommended minimum of 6.5. Electrical conductivity ranged from 167.5 to 491.3 μS/cm for boreholes and 423.3 to 423.4 μS/cm for tap water, all well below the WHO guideline of 1000 μS/cm. Total dissolved solids ranged from 84.03 to 246.2 mg/L for boreholes and 211.4 to 211.6 mg/L for tap water, all within acceptable limits. Total hardness values ranged from 12 to 58 mg/L for boreholes and 50 to 60 mg/L for tap water, classifying all samples as soft water (<75 mg/L as CaCO₃). However, the most significant finding was the elevated fluoride concentrations in borehole water, which ranged from 0.61 to 2.22 mg/L. The NDIFAKULYA borehole recorded the highest fluoride concentration (2.22 mg/L), followed by NKUSI B (1.60 mg/L), both exceeding the WHO and UNBS permissible limit of 1.5 mg/L. Tap water fluoride concentrations ranged from 1.40 to 1.45 mg/L, remaining within the acceptable guideline. The elevated fluoride levels are attributed to the geological composition of the region, particularly the Precambrian basement rocks containing fluoride-bearing minerals such as fluorite (CaF₂) and apatite. Most physicochemical parameters indicate acceptable water quality, fluoride contamination in specific boreholes poses a significant health risk to consumers, particularly the risk of dental fluorosis in children and skeletal fluorosis with prolonged exposure. The study recommends regular water quality monitoring, community sensitization on fluoride-related health risks, implementation of defluoridation technologies such as bone char filters or activated alumina filters, and exploration of alternative safe water sources for affected communities. These findings provide baseline data for local authorities to implement targeted interventions in alignment with Sustainable Development Goal 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation). Keywords: Water quality, fluoride contamination, physicochemical parameters, boreholes, Bugiri Municipality, drinking water standards, Fluorosis, conductivity
Assessment of physiochemical properties of water and variation of concentration of nitrate ions in river Namatala at selected sites located in Mbale city eastern Uganda.
(Busitema University, 2026) Magombe, Tonny
This study assessed the physiochemical properties and nitrate ion levels in River Namatala, Mbale City, and Eastern Uganda. Water samples were collected from three selected sites: upstream, midstream, and downstream. Parameters measured included temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, total hardness (TH), dissolved oxygen (DO), and nitrate concentration (NO₃⁻). Standard analytical methods were used, including the Winkler method for DO, EDTA titration for hardness, and UV-Vis spectrophotometry for nitrates. Results showed progressive deterioration in water quality from upstream to downstream. Turbidity increased from 230 NTU upstream to 930 NTU downstream, far exceeding WHO drinking water guidelines. Dissolved oxygen decreased from 10.4 mg/L upstream to 4.4 mg/L downstream, falling below the WHO ideal of 5 mg/L. Nitrate concentrations increased from 0.06 mg/L upstream to 0.188 mg/L downstream, though all values remained well below the WHO limit of 50 mg/L. TDS, EC, and total hardness also increased downstream but remained within acceptable limits. pH (7.1–8.4) and temperature (20.4–23.2°C) were within normal ranges. The study concludes that River Namatala is experiencing significant pollution from domestic wastewater, agricultural runoff, and urban activities, particularly affecting turbidity and dissolved oxygen. The water is unsuitable for direct human consumption without treatment. Regular monitoring, public awareness, and pollution control measures are urgently recommended
Adsorption and kinetics of profenofos from waste water using activated carbon from sugercane bagasse.
(Busitema University, 2026) Apolot, Maureen
Profenofos, an organ phosphorus pesticide, is widely used in agriculture, leading to its frequent detection in wastewater streams. Its presence poses significant environmental and health risks due to its high toxicity and persistence. Conventional wastewater treatment methods often fall short in effectively removing such recalcitrant organic pollutants, necessitating the development of sustainable and efficient alternatives. This study addresses the critical need for an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach to Profenofos removal by investigating the potential of activated carbon derived from sugarcane bagasse, an abundant agricultural waste product, as an adsorbent. The primary objective of this research was to synthesize and characterize activated carbon from sugarcane bagasse and evaluate its efficacy in adsorbing Profenofos from aqueous solutions. Specific aims included optimizing the activation process, determining the adsorption kinetics and isotherms, and assessing the influence of various operational parameters such as pH, contact time, and initial Profenofos concentration on the adsorption efficiency. The study employed a batch adsorption technique, utilizing Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for adsorbent characterization, and UV-Vis spectrophotometry for Profenofos concentration analysis. Key findings revealed that the sugarcane bagasse-derived activated carbon exhibited a high adsorption capacity for Profenofos, with optimal removal observed at a neutral pH and extended contact times. Adsorption kinetics were best described by the pseudo-second-order model, suggesting a chemisorption mechanism, while the Langmuir isotherm model provided the best fit for the equilibrium data, indicating monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surface. The maximum adsorption capacity was determined to be significantly high, demonstrating the adsorbent's strong affinity for Profenofos. This study successfully demonstrated that activated carbon produced from sugarcane bagasse is a promising, sustainable, and economically viable adsorbent for the effective removal of Profenofos from contaminated waste water

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